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effective in improving perceptions of some aspects of physical and mental
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Abdel-Moty E, Khalil T, Rosomoff H. 1999. The
effects of the Aqua-PT on myofascial pain. Paper presented at the 18th
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minute therapy sessions on an aqua massage unit may provide some relief from
myofascial pain.
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Acheson DW, Luccioli
S. 2004. Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease.
Mucosal immune responses. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
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GI mucosal barrier and permeable membrane, or Leaky Gut Syndrome.
Adak B, Tekeoglu I, Ediz L et al. 2005.
Fibromyalgia frequency in hepatitis B carriers. J Clin
Rheumatol. 11(3):157-159. “The present study suggests that
chronic hepatitis B carriage appears to increase the risk of FM and many
of the typically associated symptoms.”
Adam TC, Epel ES. 2007. Stress, eating and the reward system.
Physiol Behav. 91(4):449-458. Chronic stress may be worsening
the obesity epidemic due to the loss of glucocorticoid regulation by
insulin and leptin.
Adams PJ, Snutch
TP. 2007. Calcium channelopathies: voltage-gated calcium channels.
Subcell Biochem. 45:215-251. Genetically caused minute
changes in calcium ion channels can have a wide spectrum affect on
“...mammalian developmental, physiological and behavioral functions.”
Agents that act on selective calcium channel activity may be important
medications for the future.
Adams, W. R., K. J. Spolnik and J. E.
Bouquot. 1999.
Maxillofacial osteonecrosis in a patient with multiple “idiopathic” facial
points. J Oral Pathol Med 28(9):423-32. Called NICO (neuralgia-inducing
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Adcock KG, Kyle PB, Deaton JS et al. 2007.
Pharmacokinetics of intranasal and intratracheal pentoxifylline in rabbits.
Pharmacotherapy. 27(2):200-206. “The pharmacokinetic profiles after
intranasal and intratracheal administration of pentoxifylline appear similar
to those after intravenous administration.” [Since intrathecal glial
cell modulation works well in rats to diminish or relieve central
sensitization, this use of intranasal pentoxifylline may have potential for
FMS. DJS]
Adiguzel O, Kaptanoglu E, Turgut B
et al. 2004. The possible effect of clinical recovery on regional cerebral
blood flow deficits in fibromyalgia: a prospective study with
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findings could indicate that deficits in cerebral blood flow in fibromyalgia
improve parallel to clinical recovery.”
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and autonomic nervous system functioning
in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 31(1):187-202.
“In general, there seems to be a reduction in some neuroendocrine and
autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to applied stresses in
individuals who have fibromyalgia.”
Adler GK,
Manfredsdottir VF, Creskoff KW. 2002. Neuroendocrine abnormalities
in fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 6(4): 289-98. "A
combination of multiple, mild impaired responses may lead to more
profound physiologic and clinical consequences as compared with a
defect in only one system, and could contribute to the symptoms of
fibromyalgia."
Adler, G. K., B. T. Kinsley, S. Hurwitz, C. J. Mossey and D. L.
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in the brain interacts with the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide
systems to govern brain function. [There are abundant chemokine
receptors in the glial cells, and activated intrathecal glia have been
implicated in the inception and maintenance of chronic pain states.
Imbalance of specific neuopeptides, and neurotransmitters and cytokines
have been implicated in fibromyalgia, and biochemicals belonging to
these systems are released during myofascial trigger point twitch. DJS]
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concern about opioid-induced tolerance, physical dependence and
addiction have limited their appropriate use. As a consequence, many
patients receive inadequate treatment for both malignant and
non-malignant pain. However, it has been shown that analgesic tolerance
develops less frequently during chronic opioid administration in a
clinical context than in animal experiments.”
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Fibrin inhibits nerve regeneration by arresting schwann cell
differentiation. Glia (Suppl 1):S42 [Abstract]. “These results
provide the first indication that fibrin, a blood-derived protein, which
becomes a component of the extracellular matrix of the
nervous system in pathological states, can affect repair by negatively
regulating myalination. Dysregulation of fibrin clearance and/or deposition
could play a role in traumatic injuries of the nervous system, as well as in
demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.”
Akkasilpa S, Goldman D, Magder LS et al. 2005.
Number of fibromyalgia tender points is associated with health
status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J
Rheumatol. 32(1):48-50. “A strong association between the
number of FM TPs and health status was found in patients with SLE.
The number of TPs, and not just the presence/absence of FM, is
associated with health status in SLE.”
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2006. Prevalence, risk factors and impact on daytime
sleepiness and hypertension of periodic leg movements with
arousals in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
J Clin Sleep Med. 2(3):281-287. “Risk factors
for PLMS include preexisting medical conditions --
particularly depression, fibromyalgia, and diabetes mellitus
-- increasing age, predisposing medications, obesity and OSA.”
Al-Shenqiti AM, Oldham JA. 2005.
Test-retest reliability of myofascial trigger point detection in
patients with rotator cuff tendonitis. Clin Rehabil.
19(5):482-487. “The presence or absence of the taut band, spot
tenderness, jump sign and pain recognition was highly reliable
between sessions. Referred pain and local twitch response
reliability varied depending on the muscle being studied.”
[Again, both training and experience are vital to reliably
diagnose and treat TrPs. DJS]
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al. 2004. Auditory event-related brain potentials in fibromyalgia
syndrome. Rheumatol Int. [Epub Feb 21 ahead of print].
“...FM affects quality of life and dysfunction in cognitive abilities
can be determined by brain event-related potentials.”
Alarcon, G. S., and L. A. Bradley. 1998. Advances in the treatment
of fibromyalgia: current status and future directions. Am J Med Sci 315
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warming imagery aimed at trigger-point sites on tissue compliance, skin temperature, and
pain sensitivity in biofeedback-trained patients with chronic pain: a preliminary
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Soc Sci Med. [Sep 10 Epub ahead of print] Medical specialties and
illnesses are considered to have a ranking among doctors and medical
students. “Myocardial infarction, leukemia and brain tumor were among
the highest ranked, and fibromyalgia and anxiety neurosis were among the
lowest.” “Low prestige scores are given to diseases and specialties
associated with chronic conditions located in the lower parts of the body or
having no specific bodily location, with less visible treatment procedures,
and with elderly patients.” [It seems we have a lot of educating to
do, and it is no wonder FM patients are considered to have a self-esteem
problem. See: “Bennett RM. 2007. Do patients’ perceptions of negative
physician attitudes influence fibromyalgia symptoms and status?” This would
seem to indicate that some doctors could be major perpetuating factors.
DJS.]
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1986. Muscle pain after exercise is linked with an inorganic phosphate increase as
shown by 31P NMR. Biosci Rep 6(7):663-7.
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Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia: association with outpatients health
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1999. Insulin sensitivity in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults and effect of GH
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headache: the neurophysiologic basis and anatomic relationship between
the dura mater and the rectus posterior capitis minor muscle. J
Manipulative Physiol Ther. 22(8):534-539. This study found bridges
formed of connective tissue at the atlanto-occipital junction between
the rectus capitis posterior and the dorsal spinal dura. Tightness
of these connections may be associated with headache. “The dura-muscular,
dura-ligamentous connections in the upper cervical spine and occipital
areas may provide anatomic and physiologic answers to the cause of the
cervicogenic headache.”
Allcock N, McGarry J, Elkan R. 2002.
Management of pain in older people within the nursing home: a
preliminary study. Health Soc Care Comm. 10(6):464-471.
“It has been estimated that approximately two-thirds of people aged 65
years and over experience chronic pain, and that the prevalence of
chronic pain in nursing home residents is between 45% and 80%.
Overall, 37% of nursing home residents were identified as experiencing
chronic non-malignant pain.”
Allegrante, J. P. 1996. The role of adjunctive therapy
in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Am J Med 101(1A):33S-39S.
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fibromyalgia. Pain 104(3):665-672. Combined therapy with pulsed
ultrasound and interferential current can be an effective therapy for pain
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a role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease.” Antioxidant
supplements may be a useful part of therapy.
Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. 2002. Trigger
points: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician
65(4):653-660. “Trigger points are discrete, focal, hyperirritable
spots located in a taut band of skeletal muscle. They produce
pain locally and in a referred pattern and often accompany chronic
musculoskeletal disorders. Acute trauma or repetitive
microtrauma may lead to the development of stress on muscle fibers
and the formation of trigger points. Patients may have
regional, persistent pain resulting in a decreased range of motion
in the affected muscles. These include muscles used to
maintain body posture, such as those in the neck, shoulders, and
pelvic girdle. Trigger points may also manifest as tension
headache, tinnitus, temporomandibular joint pain, decreased range of
motion in the legs, and low back pain. Palpation of a
hypersensitive bundle or nodule of muscle fiber of harder than
normal consistency is the physical finding typically associated with
a trigger point. Palpation of the trigger point will elicit
pain directly over the affected area and/or cause radiation of pain
toward a zone of reference and a local twitch response.
Various modalities, such as the Spray and Stretch technique,
ultrasonography, manipulative therapy and injection, are used to
inactivate trigger points. Trigger-point injection has been
shown to be one of the most effective treatment modalities to
inactivate trigger points and provide prompt relief of symptoms.”
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teenagers: a report of two cases. Tohoku J Exp Med 197(4):229-31.
Nerve entrapment causing pain radiating down the low back may be caused by
myofascial trigger points, but these are often misdiagnosed.
These two patients completely recovered after trigger point therapy,
even though they had been misdiagnosed and in pain for a long time.
Amador NJ, Shivers K, Weiner J et al. Program
51.16/M8. Estrus cycle effects on behavioral and physiological
responses to formalin-induced inflammatory pain. Georgia World
Congress Center Atlanta, GA. Society for Neuroscience, Presentation.:
Oct 14, 2006. Both physiological and behavioral changes to inflammatory
pain can vary significantly with the estrus cycle in rats. Hormones
may physically affect perceptions of pain.
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High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme
binding affinity (increased K(m)): relevance to genetic disease and
polymorphisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 75(4):616-658. This
article concerns increasing developments in the science of genomics. They
have already found over 50 genetic diseases that can be helped by high doses
of the vitamin component of coenzymes, restoring metabolic paths.
[From what we have learned in the study of genomics and epigenomics, each
human being has significantly different nutrient requirements, and this may
be profoundly affected by differences in intestinal permeability. The use
of healthy food and supplements as medicine may become more accepted as
research unfolds. DJS]
Amital D, Fostik L, Polliack ML et al. 2006.
Posttraumatic stress disorder, tenderness, and fibromyalgia syndrome: are
they different entities? J Psychosom Res. 61(5):663-669. This
study concerned comorbidity of FMS in male patients with PTSD that occurred
after an intensive, initial combat-related traumatic event. [In these
patients, and not necessarily all male patients as the study concluded, the
occurrence, degree and impact of PTSD is often significantly related to
co-existing FMS. FMS may be amplifying more than pain. DJS]
Ammer, K. and P. Melnizky. 1999. [Medicinal baths for
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.
Anand KJ. 2000. Pain, plasticity,
and premature birth: a prescription for permanent suffering?
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requiring medical procedures require adequate pain control.
Failure to provide it not only causes needless acute suffering but can
change the central nervous system and cause predisposition to chronic
pain.
Anand P, Aziz Q, Willert R et al. 2007.
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syndromes-contemporary illnesses.] Lakartidningen
Dec;98(51-52):5860-3.[Swedish] The diagnoses of burnout, chronic
fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome may represent reactions
to an overwhelming situation. The new diagnoses may indicate
preliminary stages of more serious diseases such as angina
pectoris or myocardial infarction. Other causes of death may be
related to stress. "These circumstances reflect not only
considerable suffering on the part of individuals, but also a
substantial economic burden for society".
Anderberg, U. M., Z. Liu, L Berglund and F. Nyberg.
1999. Elevated plasma levels of neuro-peptide Y in female fibromyalgia
patients. Eur J Pain 3(1):19-30.
Anderberg, U. M. , I. Marteinsdottir, J. Hallman and T. Backstrom.
1998. Variablility in cyclicity affects pain and other symptoms in female fibromyalgia
syndrome patients. J Musculoskel Pain 6(4):5-22.
Anderson H, Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P et al.
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growth factor in humans. J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):13
item 16. [Myopain 2007 Poster] “NGF intramuscular injection
causes a time-dependent enlargement of the hyperalgesic area that is
most prominent 24 hours after injection. The expansion of
hyperalgesia locally and in distinct area innervated by the same nerve
indicates that both peripheral and central mechanisms are involved in
the NGF-induced sensitization. These findings may add to the
current knowledge of the development of chronic pain conditions.”
Anderson, K. and J. M. Silver. 1998.
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Anderson RU, Wise D,
Sawyer T et al. 2005. Integration of myofascial trigger
point release and paradoxical relaxation training treatment of
chronic pelvic pain in men. J Urol. 174(1):155-160.
Myofascial release of trigger points combined with paradoxical
relaxation training can provide pain relief superior to
traditional therapy.
Andersson HI. 2004. The course of
non-malignant chronic pain: a 12-year follow-up of a cohort from the
general population. Eur J Pain 8(1):47-53. “Mortality was
significantly higher in the group initially reporting widespread pain
compared with the other groups. The chronicity of widespread
chronic pain supports early and intense intervention among individuals
with located pain. The association between chronic widespread pain
and increased mortality needs further investigation but may deepen the
view of chronic pain as a public health problem.”
Andersen, S. and G. Leikersfeldt. 1996. Management of
chronic non-malignant pain. Br J Clin Pract 50(6):324-330.
Anderson, R. A. 1992. Chromium, glucose tolerance, and
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Anderson, R. C. and J. H. Anderson. 1998. Acute toxic
effects of fragrance products. Arch Environ Health 53(2):138-46.
Andersson HI. 2004. The course of
non-malignant chronic pain: a 12-year follow-up of a cohort from the
general population. Eur J Pain 8(1):47-53. “Mortality was
significantly higher in the group initially reporting widespread pain
compared with the other groups. The chronicity of widespread
chronic pain supports early and intense intervention among individuals
with located pain. The association between chronic widespread pain
and increased mortality needs further investigation but may deepen the
view of chronic pain as a public health problem.”
Andersson, M., J. R. Bagby, L. Dyrehag and C. Gottfries.
1998. Effects of staphylococcus toxoid vaccine on pain and fatigue in patients with
fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome. Eur J Pain 2(2):133-142.
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Clin Esp. 205(7):333-336. [Spanish] “Although the
fibromyalgia classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology are not diagnostic
criteria, they have been extensively used to diagnose FMS in patients
with chronic diffuse arthromyalgias. Fibromyalgia diagnosis
reduces the patient’s anxiety, avoiding complementary expensive and
unnecessary tests and it allows the patient to share his/her fears,
illnesses and expectations with other human beings who suffer the same
problem.”
Andrews R.C., Herlihy O.,
Livingstone D.E. 2002. Abnormal cortisol metabolism and tissue
sensitivity to cortisol in patients with glucose intolerance. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(12):5587-93. “...in patients with
glucose intolerance, cortisol secretion, although normal, is inappropriately
high given enhanced central and peripheral sensitivity to glucocorticoids....altered
cortisol action occurs not only in obesity and hypertension but also in
glucose intolerance, and could therefore contribute to the link between
these multiple cardiovascular risk factors.”
Andrews, R. C. and B. R. Walker. 1999.
Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: old hormones, new targets. Clin Sci
(Colch) 96(5):513-523.
Angarola, R. T. 1990. National and international
regulation of opioid drugs: purpose, structures, benefits and risks. J Pain
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Angsuwarangsee T,
Morrison M. 2002. Extrinsic laryngeal muscular tension in
patients with voice disorders. J Voice 16(3):333-343.
“A strong relationship was found between thyrohyoid muscle tension
and both gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and muscle misuse dysphonia (MMD).”
[These patients were not checked for TrPs. TrPs may cause
muscle tension. This may be an important connection between
reflux as a perpetuating factor of myofascial TrPs. DJS]
Antoin H, Beasley RD. 2004. Opioids for
chronic noncancer pain. Tailoring therapy to fit the patient and
the pain. Postgrad Med. 116(3)37-40, 43-44. “…opioids can
be a viable option today for successful therapy for chronic non-cancer
pain.”
Anuradha, C. V. and S. D. Balakrishnan. 1999. Taurine attenuates
hypertension and improves insulin sensitivity in the fructose-fed rat, and animal model of
insulin resistance. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 77(10:749-54.
Apkarian AV, Sosa Y, Krauss BR et al. 2004.
Chronic pain patients are impaired on an emotional decision-making task.
Pain 108(1-2):129-136. “Performance on an emotional
decision-making task may be impaired in chronic pain since human brain
imaging studies show that brain regions critical for this ability are
also involved in chronic pain. Our evidence indicates that chronic
pain is associated with a specific cognitive deficit, which may impact
everyday behavior especially in risky, emotionally laden situations.”
Apkarian AV, Sosa Y, Sonty S et al. 2004.
Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray
matter density. J Neurosci. 24(46):10410-10415. “Patients
with CBP showed 5-11% less neocortical gray matter volume than control
subjects. The magnitude of this decrease is equivalent to the gray
matter volume lost in 10-20 years of normal aging. The decreased
volume was related to pain duration, indicating a 1.3 cm3 loss of gray
matter for every year of chronic pain. Our results imply that CBP is
accompanied by brain atrophy and suggest that the pathophysiology of chronic
pain includes thalamocortical processes.”
Appelboom, T. and A. Schoutens. 1990. High bone turnover in
fibromyalgia. Calcif Tissue Int 46(5):314-317.
Arciero, P. J., M. D. Vukovich, J. O. Holloszy, S. B. Racette and W.
M. Kohrt. 1999. Comparison of short-term diet and exercise on insulin action
in individuals with abnormal glucose tolerance. J Appl Physiol 86(6):1930-5.
Arden Pope III, C., R. L. Verrier, E. G. Lovett, A. C. Larson, M. E.
Raizenne, R. E. Kanner, J. Schwartz, G. M. Villegas, D. R. Gold and D. W. Dockery.
1999. Heart rate variability associated with particulate air pollution. Am
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Ardic F, Gokharman D, Atsu S et al. 2006.
The comprehensive evaluation of temporomandibular disorders seen in
rheumatoid arthritis. Aust Dent J. 51(1):23-28.
“...the myofascial pain of the temporomandibular system is an
important cause of pain in rheumatoid arthritis...”
Arendt-Nielsen L. 2007. Measuring muscle
pain. J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):9 item 11. [Myopain
2007 Poster] “Referred muscle pain [and the possible related
hyperalgesia] is manifested in somatic structures [skin, muscles,
joints, tendons]. These manifestations are of significant clinical
importance for the diagnosis of pain pathologies.” “Recently we
have found that patients suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pains
have significantly larger referred pain areas to experimentally induced
muscle pain intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline, and at the
same time they show manifestations of muscle sensitization.
Furthermore they show facilitated responses to a variety of other
stimuli.”
Arendt-Nielsen L, Mense S, Graven-Nielsen T. 2003.
[Assessment of muscle pain and hyperalgesia. Experimental and
clinical findings] [German] Schmerz 17(6):445-449. “ An
important part of the manifestation of pain in chronic musculoskeletal
disorders may be due to peripheral and central sensitization processes,
which are also involved in the transition from acute to chronic pain.
Knowledge of these processes has expanded enormously in recent years; it
should be utilized when new intervention strategies are designed.”
Arendt-Nielsen, L, Graven-Neilsen,
T. 2003. Central sensitization in fibromyalgia and other
musculoskeletal disorders. Curr Pain Headache Rep.
7(5):355-361. Tenderness and referred chronic musculoskeletal pain may
be due to peripheral and central sensitization.
This sensitization may be part of what changes acute pain into
chronic pain.
Arendt-Nielsen, L., T.
Graven-Nielson. 2002. Deep tissue Hyperalgesia. J Musculoskel Pain
10(1/2):97-119. "increased muscle sensitivity is present in
musculoskeletal pain conditions and may play a role for chronification of
pain, and interventions should take this aspect into consideration".
Arendt-Nielsen, L., T. Graven-Nielsen and P.
Svensson. 1999.
Assessment of muscle pain in humans–clinical and experimental aspects. J
Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):25-41.
Argoff, C. E. 2002. A review of the
use of topical analgesics for myofascial pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep
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Arguelles LM, Afari N, Buchwald DS et al. 2006.
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“Our findings suggest that PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)
symptoms, as measured by IES (Impact Events Scale), are strongly
linked to CWP (chronic widespread pain), but this association is not
explained by a common familial or genetic vulnerability to both
conditions. Future research is needed.
Ariji Y, Sakuma S, Izumi M et al. 2004.
Ultrasonographic features of the masseter muscle in female patients with
temporomandibular disorder associated with myofascial pain. Oral
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Masseter muscle pain in TMD might be associated with muscle edema.
Ariji
Y, Sakuma S, Izumi M et al. 2004. Ultrasonographic features of the masseter
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myofascial pain. Oral Surg. 98(3):337-341. [I found it
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associated with muscle edema. DJS]
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pregabalin did not depend on baseline anxiety or depressive symptoms,
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symptoms. Much of the pain reduction appears to be independent of
improvements in anxiety or mood symptoms.”
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in female patients, while significantly improving quality of life.”
Arnold L, Duan W, Young, Jr. J et al. 2007.
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“Pregabalin was associated with relief of FMS pain.”
Arnold L, Russell IJ, Duan R et al. 2007.
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to see a comparison of the effectiveness and side-effect profile of
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neither the rheumatologists surveyed nor the authors themselves understand
that fibromyalgia is not a diagnosis of exclusion, and that FMS is often
present as a condition interacting with other diagnoses. DJS]
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“The results suggest that there is a discrepancy between the ideal role of
the physician and reality in the everyday work in interaction with these
patients.” “The results also illuminate the physician’s
interpretations of patients in moralising terms. Conditions given the
status of illness were regarded, for example, as less serious by the
physicians than those with disease status. Skepticism was expressed
regarding especially CFS, but also fibromyalgia. Moreover, it is shown how
the patients are characterized by the physicians as ambitious, active,
illness focused, demanding and medicalising. The patients in question
do not always gain full access to the sick-role, in part as a consequence of
the conditions not being defined as diseases.” [It is a sad
reflection on the state of medical practice that many practitioners do not
understand that syndromes can be every bit as serious and life-altering as
diseases. Just because we do
not understand the total mechanisms behind the illness does not mean the
patients with these illnesses do not deserve the care given to patients who
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the chronic form. Studies of nitric oxide (NO) mechanisms suggest that
NO may play a key role in the pathophysiology of tension-type headache and
that the antinociceptive effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may
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pathway to treat it. DJS]
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of disability benefits.” The
authors recommend “Employers and personal relations of patients with
chronic fatigue should make a greater effort to accommodate the
illness-related limitations of these conditions, especially for those with
FMS and CFS.
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both sides of the body when the TrP on one side was needled.
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factor for separating the two groups. Regularity was affected
in the patients; this variable is interesting because it is
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[Unfortunately, these patients were not evaluated for co-existing
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multidisciplinary approach with a team of health care providers using
pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment. Because of the
heterogeneity of the illness, management should be individualized for the
patient. Pharmacologic treatment should address issues of pain
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management of FM patients.” “This review will also highlight
issues that are important to the oral health care provider, including
orofacial manifestations and dental considerations for patients with
FM.” [Many dentists and oral hygienists have no idea how much
their work can impact the life of their FM patients. They don’t
understand central sensitization and can cause significant needless pain
that can last for weeks or longer. Many dentists are also unaware
of MTPs, and thus unaware of the impact MTPs can have on equilibration.
If the bite is off due to MTPs, or there is dental pain or sensitivity
to pressure or cold, etc., due to MTPs, errors in “correcting” the bite
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with overlapping CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome), PGI (Persian Gulf War
Illness) and fibromyalgia.” The conditions are different, but they may
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objective neuropathophysiology shared by each of these conditions.
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clinical symptoms and biochemical data. They support the hypothesis
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Bell IR, Lewis DA 2nd, Lewis SE et
al. 2004. EEG alpha sensitization in individualized
homeopathic treatment of fibromyalgia. Int J Neurosci.
114(9):1195-1220.
Bell IR, Lewis II DA, Brooks AJ et al.
2004. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with
individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 43(5):577-582. This double-blind, randomized,
parallel-group, placebo-controlled study indicates that
“...individualized homeopathy is significantly better than placebo in
lessening tender point pain and improving the quality of life and global
health of persons with fibromyalgia.”
Bell, I. R., C. M. Baldwin, M. Fernandez and G. E. Schwartz.
1999. Neural sensitization model for multiple chemical sensitivity: overview of
theory and empirical evidence. Toxicol Ind Health 15(3-4):295-304.
Bell, I. R., M. J. Szarek, D. R. Dicenso, C. M. Baldwin, G. E.
Schwartz and R. R. Bootzin. 1999. Patterns of waking EEG spectral power in
chemically intolerant individuals during repeated chemical exposures. Int J
Neurosci 97(1):41-59.
Bell, I. R., C. M. Baldwin and G. E. Schwartz. 1998.
Illness from low levels of environmental chemicals: relevance to chronic fatigue syndrome
and fibromyalgia. Am J Med 105(3A):74S-82S.
Bell, I. R., C. M. Baldwin, L. G. Russek, G. E. Schwartz and E. E.
Hardin. 1998. Early life stress, negative paternal relationships, and chemical
intolerance in middle-aged women: support for a neural sensitization model. J
Womens Health 7(9):1135-47.
Bellamy N, Sothern RB, Campbell J. 2004. Aspects of diurnal rhythmicity in pain, stiffness, and fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia.
J Rheumatol 31(2):379-89. This study indicates that there are indications that pain, stiffness and fatigue show daily and possibly weekly patterns.
The awareness of these patterns can be useful for scheduling activities, measurement in clinical trials, and perhaps timing administration of medications for when they are most needed.
Bellastella, A., G. Pisano, S. Iorio, D. Pasquali, F. Orio, T.
Venditto and A. A. Sinisi. 1998. Endocrine secretions under abnormal light-dark
cycles and in the blind. Horm Res 49(3-4):153-7.
Bendiksen A, McGehee E, Handberg G. 2007.
[The use of methadone in the treatment of chronic non-malignant pain in an
out-patient setting] Ugeskr Laeger 169(17):1568-1572. [Danish]
“Opioid treated chronic pain patients with insufficient pain relief may
benefit from conversion to methadone, as 59% in our analysis achieved better
pain relief, while the rotation was generally opioid-saving at the same
time. The method used was safe and acceptable to the patients.
The analyses did not result in any fundamental changes to the procedure.”
Methodone may be a viable option for insufficiently relieved pain in chronic
non-malignant pain patients.
Bendtsen L. 2000. Central
sensitization in tension-type headache—possible pathophysiological
mechanisms. Cephalalgia 20(5):486-508. “The
stimulus-response function for palpation pressure vs. pain was found to be
qualitatively altered in chronic tension-type headache patients compared
with controls. The stimulus-response function was found to be
qualitatively altered also in patients with fibromyalgia. It was
concluded that the qualitatively altered nociception was probably due to
central sensitization at the level of the spinal dorsal horn/trigeminal
nucleus. Future basic and clinical research should aim at identifying
the source of peripheral nociception in order to prevent the development of
central sensitization and at ways of reducing established sensitization.
This may lead to a much needed improvement in the treatment of chronic
tension-type headache and other chronic myofascial pain conditions.”
Bendtsen, L., J. Norregaard, B. Jensen and J. Olesen.1997. Evidence
of qualitatively altered nociception in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol
40(1):98-102.
Benecke
R., Dressler D, Kunesch E et al. 2003. [No Title Given] Schmertz
17(6):450-458. Pain relief for myofascial pain has been reported with
botox injections, but “in fibromyalgia, there seems to be no analgesic
effect.”
Bengtsson, A., J. Ernerudh, M. Vrethem and T. Skogh. 1990. Absence
of autoantibodies in primary fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 17(12:1682-3.
Bengtsson, A. and K. G. Henriksson. 1989. The muscle in
fibromyalgia–a review of Swedish studies. J Rheumatol Suppl Nov;(19)144-149.
Bengtsson, A. and M. Bengtsson. 1988. Regional sympathetic blockade
in primary fibromyalgia. Pain 33(2):161-7.
Bengtsson A., Henriksson KG, Larsson J. 1986. Reduced
high-energy phosphate levels in the painful muscles of patients with primary
fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 29:817-21.
Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs JR et al. 2006.
Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites (‘entheses’)
in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load. J Anat.
208(4):471-490. “Entheses (insertion sites, osteotendinous
junctions, osteoligamentous junctions) are sites of stress
concentration at the region where tendons and ligaments attach to
bone. Consequently, they are commonly subject to overuse
injuries (enthesopathies) that are well documented in a number of
sports.” [These areas are often sites of attachment TrPs and
these TrPs are frequently overlooked by orthopedic and surgical
consultants. DJS]
Benjamin, S., Morris, S.,
McBeth, J., MacFarland, G.J., Silman, A.J.. 2000. The association
between chronic widespread pain and mental disorder: A Population
Study. Epidemiological group has tended towards viewing FMS as a
somatization disorder. It was therefore important in this study
that they only found three cases of somatoform disorders and came
to the conclusion that somatoform disorders were uncommon in
people with chronic widespread pain.
Bennett GJ. 2000. Update on the
neurophysiology of pain transmission and modulation: focus on the NMDA-receptor.
J Pain Symptom Manage 19(1 Suppl):S2-S6. “NMDA-receptor
activation not only increases the cell’s response to pain stimuli, it
also decreases neuronal sensitivity to opioid receptor agonists.
In addition to preventing central sensitization, co-administration of
NMDA-receptor antagonists with an opioid may prevent tolerance to opioid
analgesia.”
Bennett, G. J. 2000. Update on the neurophysiology of
pain transmission and modulation: focus on the NMDA-receptor. J Pain Symptom
Manage 19(1 Suppl):S2-6.
Bennett R. 2007. Myofascial pain syndromes and
their evaluation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheum 21(3):427-445.
This outstanding summary of MTPs is a comprehensive, clearly written
overview of myofascial medicine. It explains why it is necessary for
doctors to be trained in diagnosis of MTPs, and that they frequently occur
in the presence of other conditions but, although they are exceedingly
common, are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. [Severe CMP with
central sensitization and multiple conditions are not explored, but the
treatments suggested are often adequate for mild cases. It is
significant that an article on MTPs written by such a respected scientist
and clinician has appeared in a rheumatology journal. It is hoped that
it is as well-read as it is well-written. DJS]
Bennett RM. 2007. Do patients’ perceptions of
negative physician attitudes influence fibromyalgia symptoms and status?
J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):42 item 74. [Myopain 2007
Poster] “Current physicians were perceived to take the diagnosis of
FMS more seriously, which in turn was related to improved FMS symptomatology.
Perception that current or past physicians didn’t take FMS seriously was
associated with increased anxiety. Patients may improve both
physically and psychologically under the care of a physician who takes their
illness seriously, whereas a negative past attitude continues to adversely
influence their psychological health.” [Doctors can be serious
perpetuating factors. Use care in choosing your health care team. DJS]
Bennett R. 2007. Myofascial pain syndromes and
their evaluation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 21(3):427-445.
“Myofascial pain refers to a specific form of soft tissue rheumatism that
results from irritable foci (trigger points) within skeletal muscles and
their ligamentous junctions. It must be distinguished from bursitis,
tendonitis, hypermobility syndromes, fibromyalgia and fasciitis. On
the other hand it often exists as part of a clinical complex that includes
these other soft tissue conditions, i.e., it is not a diagnosis of
exclusion.”
Bennett RM. 2004. Diagnostic criteria
and differential diagnosis of the fibromyalgia syndrome.
J Musculoskeletal Pain 12(3/4):59-64. This article
explains some of the difficulties arising from the use of 1990
ACR FMS Criteria for research as diagnostic criteria, the need
for clarification of terms and training in differential
diagnosis and treatment.
Bennett RM. 2004. Three years later:
presidential address to MYOPAIN ’04. J Musculoskeletal
Pain 12(3/4):1-12. [This is an excellent overview on
some of the current developments in FMS and myofascial pain,
including a summary of the reasons central sensitization is a
key to FMS, and a clear look at the increase in morbidity and
mortality for those with chronic pain. DJS]
Bennett R. 2005. The fibromyalgia impact
questionnaire (FIQ): a review of its development, current version,
operating characteristics and uses. Clin Exp Rheumatol.
23(5 Suppl 39):S154-162. The latest version of the
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire can be found at
www.myalgia.com/FIQ/FIQ
Bennett RM, Schein J, Kosinski MR et al. 2005.
Impact of fibromyalgia pain on health-related quality of life before
and after treatment with tramadol/acetaminophen. Arthritis
Rheum. 53(4):519-527. “Moderate-to-severe fibromyalgia pain
significantly impairs HRQOL [health-related quality of life], and
effective pain relief in these patients significantly increases
HRQOL.”
Bennett R. 2004. Fibromyalgia: present to future.
Curr pain Headache Rep. 8(5):379-384. A review of the understanding
of FMS, including emerging clues and predictions on future developments.
Bennett RM.
2002. Adult growth hormone deficiency in patients with
fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 4(4):306-12. "There
is evidence that GH deficiency as defined in terms of a low
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level occurs in approximately
30% of patients with fibromyalgia and is probably the cause of
some morbidity. It seems most likely that impaired GH secretion
in fibromyalgia is related to a physiologic dysregulation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) with a resulting
increase in hypothalamic somatostatin tone. The severe GH
deficiency that occurs in a subset of patients with fibromyalgia
is of clinical relevance because it is a treatable disorder with
demonstrated benefits to patients."
Bennett RM. 2002. The
rational management of fibromyalgia patients. Rheum Dis Clin
North Am 2002. 28(2):181-99. "The
exponential increase in pain research over the last 10 years has
established fibromyalgia (FM) as a common chronic pain syndrome
with similar neurophysiologic aberrations to other chronic pain
states. As such, the pathogenesis is considered to involve an
interaction of augmented sensory processing (central
sensitization) and peripheral pain generators. The notion, the FM
symptomatology results from an amplification of incoming sensory
impulses, has revolutionized the contemporary understanding of
this enigmatic problem and provided a more rational approach to
treatment."
Bennett, R. M. 1999. Fibromyalgia Review. J
Musculoskeletal Pain 7(4):85.
Bennett, R. M. 1999. Emerging concepts in the neural biology
of chronic pain: evidence of abnormal sensory processing in fibromyalgia.. Mayo Clin
Proc 74(4):385-98.
Bennett, R. M. 1998. Disordered growth hormone secretion and
fibromyalgia: a review of recent findings and a hypothesized etiology. Z Rheumatol
57 Suppl 2:72-6.
Bennett, R. M., S. C. Clark and J. Walczyk. 1998. A
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in the treatment of
fibromyalgia. A J Med 104(3):227-231.
Bennett, R. M. , D. M. Cook, S. R. Clark, C. S. Burckhardt and
S. M. Campbell. 1997. Hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction
in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 24(7):1384-1389.
Bennett, R. M. 1995. Fibromyalgia: The commonest cause of
widespread pain. Frontiers 21(6):269-275.
Bennett, R. M. And S. Jacobsen. 1994. Muscle
function and origin of pain in fibromyalgia. Ballieres Clin Rheumatol 8(4):721-746.
Bennett, R. M., S. R. Clark, S. M. Campbell and C. S. Burckhardt. 1992. Low levels of somatomedin C in patients with the fibromyalgia
syndrome: a possible link between sleep and muscle pain. Arthritis Rheum
35(10):1113-6.
Bennett, R. M., S. R. Clark, S. M. Campbell, S. B. Ingram, C.
S. Burckhardt, D. L. Nelson and J. M. Porter. 1991. Symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome in
patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 34(3):264-9.
Bennett, R.M., R. A. Gatter, S. M. Campbell, R. P. Andrews, S. R.
Clark and J. A. Scarola. 1988. A comparison of cyclobenzaprine and placebo in
the management of fibrositis. Arthritis Rheum 31(12):1535-1542.
Berga, S. L. 1998. Hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis:
stress-induced gonadal compromise. J Musculoskel Pain 6(3):61-70.
Berger A, Dukes E, Martin S et al. 2007.
Characteristics and healthcare costs of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Int J Clin Pract. [Jul 26 Epub ahead of print]. “Patients with FMS
have comparatively high levels of comorbidities and high levels of
healthcare utilization and cost.” [Researchers are realizing that FM
patients often have multiple conditions. What they do not yet
understand is that many of these conditions are interactive. DJS]
Berggren-Clive, K. 1998. Out of the darkness and into
the light: women’s experiences with depression after childbirth. Can J
Commun Ment Health 17(1):103-20.
Bergholm U, Johansson BH. 2003. [No
title given] Lakartidningen 100(47):3842-3847. [Swedish]
“The late onset of symptoms can now be explained by the functional
stenosis of the spinal cord and brainstem due to scar formation around
the dens axis after injury. Modern neurophysiology can now explain
the background of the generalized and complex picture of chronic pain
and muscular and cognitive dysfunction. This new knowledge has
prepared the way for more specific therapy in patients suffering from
craniocervical instability symptoms and pain from disks and facet joints
in the cervical spine after whiplash trauma.”
Berman, B. M., J. P. Swyers and J. Ezzo. 2000. The
evidence for acupuncture as a treatment for rheumatologic conditions. Rheum Dis
Clin North Am 26(1):103-15, ix-x.
Berman, B. M. and J. P. Swyers. 1999. Complementary
medicine treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin
Rheumatol 13(3):487-92.
Berman, B. M, B. B. Singh, S. M. Hartnoll, B. K. Singh and D.
Reilly. 1998. Primary care physicians and complementary-alternative medicine:
training, attitudes, and practice patterns. J Am Board Fam Pract 11(4):272-81.
Berman, B. M. and J. P. Swyers. 1997. Establishing as research
agenda for investigating alternative medical interventions for chronic pain. Prim
Care 24(4):743-758.
Berman SM, Naliboff
BD, Suyenobu B et al. 2008. Reduced brainstem inhibition during
anticipated pelvic visceral pain correlates with enhanced brain response to
the visceral stimulus in women with irritable bowel syndrome. J
Neurosci. 28(2):349-359.
Bernardes AT, dos Santos RM. 1997. Immune
network at the edge of chaos. J Theor Biol. 186(2):173-187.
Chaos system, used in mathematics, corresponds in many ways to the state of
ill health, especially chronic illness.
Bernardis, L. L. and P. J. Davis. 1996. Aging and the
hypothalamus: research perspectives. Physiol Behav 59(3):523-36.
Bernatsky S, Dobkin P, DeCivita M et al. 2005.
Co-morbidity and physician use in fibromyalgia. Swiss Med Wkly
135(5-6):76-81. “Reported co-morbidity was classified into 4
categories: medical, psychiatric, ‘functional’ and unknown. The
category for ‘functional’ conditions included disorders that have been
classified by previous authors as medically unexplained symptoms such as
the irritable bowel and chronic fatigue syndromes. Co-morbidity
with other disorders, both functional and medical, was high in this
sample. Medical and psychiatric co-morbidity were stronger
determinants of high physician use than ‘functional’ co-morbidity.”
[It is illogical to classify conditions together merely because medical
science, or the authors, cannot explain them. DJS]
Bernstein J, Alonso DR, DiCaprio M et al. 2003.
Curricular reform in musculoskeletal medicine: needs, opportunities and
solutions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (415):302-308.
“Musculoskeletal medicine is not taught adequately in American medical
schools and the predictable consequences are seen. Students cannot
show cognitive mastery of the subject and lack confidence in this topic.”
“…although inadequate education is neither new nor necessarily unique among
disciplines, the coming year or two, the beginning of the Bone and Joint
decade, was seen to be a particularly auspicious time for attempting
curricular reform.”
Berthold
U, Johansson BH. 2003. [No title given] Lakartidingen
100(47):3842-3847. [Swedish]
Late symptom onset may be due to scar formation around the dens axis
after whiplash injury. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may be a
valuable source of documentation in whiplash injuries. This may be causing
central pain, and muscular and cognitive dysfunctions. [Narrowing of the
spinal cord and brainstem area may also be due to constricting muscles due
to TrP contracture. DJS
Bezerra Rocha CA, Sanchez TG, Tesseroli de Siqueira
JT. 2007. Myofascial trigger point: a possible way of modulating
tinnitus. Audiol Neurootol. 13(3):153-160. “Temporary
modulation of tinnitus was frequently observed (55.9%) during digital
pressure, mainly in the masseter.” “An association between tinnitus and the
presence of myofascial trigger points was observed, as well as a laterality
association between the ear with the worst tinnitus and the side of the body
with more myofascial trigger points. Thus, this relationship could be
explained not only by somatosensory-auditory system interactions but also by
the influence of the sympathetic system.”
Biasi, G., A. Fioravani, A. Franci and R. Marcolongo. 1994. [The
role computerized telethermography in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome.] Minerva
Med 85(9):451-4. [Italian]
Bieber C, Muller KG, Blumenstiel K et al. 2008.
A shared decision-making communication training program for physicians
treating fibromyalgia patients: effects of a randomized controlled trial.
J Psychosom Res. 64(1):13-20. “SDM (shared decision making)
with FMS patients might be a possible means to achieve a positive quality of
physician-patient interaction. A specific SDM communication training
program teaches physicians to perform SDM and reduces frustration in
patients.”
Bieber C, Muller KG,
Blumenstiel K et al. 2006. Long-term effects of a shared decision-making
intervention on physician-patient interaction and outcome in fibromyalgia: A
qualitative and quantitative 1-year follow-up of a randomized controlled
trial. Patient Educ Couns. [Jul 25 Epub ahead of print]
Shared decision making can be a critical step in producing both doctor and
patient satisfaction in fibromyalgia care.
Billiard M, Bentley A. 2004. Is insomnia best
categorized as a symptom or a disease? Sleep Med. 5 Suppl
1:S35-40. It is important to discover if co-existing conditions are causing
the insomnia, or simply co-existing. If co-existing, it is important
to discover the cause of the insomnia and get that under control.
Binhi VN. 2005. Stochastic dynamics of
magnetosomes and a mechanism of biological orientation in the geomagnetic
field. Bioelectromagnetics [Nov 10 Epub ahead of print].
Magnetosomes embedded in the cytoskeleton (skeletal structure of the cells)
may be what allows migratory animals to orient themselves. They are
sensitive to the Earth’s magnetic field. [The possibility of magnetosomes
in cytoskeletons of those people electromagnetically sensitive or
electromagnetically sensible exists. DJS]
Birch, S. 2003. Trigger
point–acupuncture point correlations revisited. J Altern
Complement Med 9(1):91-103. Earlier research (Melzack et al 1977)
claimed 71% correspondence of trigger points to traditional acupuncture
points. This study finds that
result is “conceptually not possible,” and that there is no more than a
40% correlation and more likely 18% to 19% correlation between the two.
The author did find that another class of acupuncture points, “a
she” points, had a very high correlation to trigger points.
Birch, S. and R. N. Jamison. 1998. Controlled trial of
Japanese acupuncture for chronic myofascial neck pain: assessment of specific and
nonspecific effects of treatment. Clin J Pain 14(3):248-55.
Birdsall, T. C. 1998. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a
clinically-effective serotonin precursor. Altern Med Rev 3(4):271-80.
Birkmayer W. and P. Riederer. 1989. Understanding the
Neurotransmitters: Key to the Workings of the Brain. Translated from German by Karl
Blau. NY: Springerer-Verlag.
Birketvedt, G. S. , J. Florholmen, J. Sundsfjord, B. Osterud, D.
Dinges, W. Bilker and A. Stunkard. 1999. Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of
the night-eating syndrome. JAMA 282(7):657-63.
Bishnoi, A., H. E. Carlson, B. L. Gruber, L. D. Kaufman, J. L. Bock
and K. Lidonnici. 1994. Effects of commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs on thyroid hormone measurements. Am J Med 96(3):235-8.
Bjorntorp P. 2001. Do
Stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?
Obes Rev 2(2):73-86. Long-term activation of the
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis and sympathetic nervous
system [commonly part of FMS DJS] may be the prelude to
many serious illnesses. This includes Metabolic Syndrome. It is
important to prevent and/or treat abnormal stress activation.
"...it is suggested that environmental, perinatal and genetic
factors induce neuroendocrine perturbations followed by abnormal
abdominal obesity with its associated comorbidities."
Bjorntorp, P., G. Holm and R. Rosamund. 1999. Hypothalamus arousal,
insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 16(5):373-83.
Black, D. W., B. N. Doebbeling, M. D. Voelker, W. R. Clarke, R. F.
Woolson, D. H. Barrett and D. A. Schwartz. 1999. Quality of life and
health-services utilization in a population-based sample of military personnel reporting
multiple chemical sensitivities. J Occup Environ Med 41(10):928-33.
Black, K. M., P. McClure and M. Polansky. 1996. The
influence of different sitting positions on cervical and lumbar posture. Spine
21(1):65-70.
Blackman, J. D., V. L. Towle, G. F. Lewis, J. P. Spire and K. S.
Polonsky. 1990. Hypoglycemic thresholds for cognitive dysfunction in
humans. Diabetes 39(7):828-835.
Blacksher E. 2002. On being poor and
feeling poor: low socioeconomic status and the moral self. Theor Med
Bioeth. 23(6):455-470. “Persons of low socioeconomic status
generally experience worse health and shorter lives than their better
off counterparts. They also suffer a greater incidence of adverse
psychosocial characteristics, such as low self-esteem, self-efficacy,
and self-mastery and increased cynicism and hostility. Chronic
socioeconomic deprivation can create environments that undermine the
development of self and capacities constitutive to moral agency — i.e.,
the capacity for self-determination and crafting a life of one’s own.
This moral harm is particularly salient in modern Western societies,
especially in the United States, where success and failure is attributed
to the individual, with little notice of the larger social and political
realities that inform an individual’s circumstances and choices.”
Blanco I, Arbesu D, Al Kassam D et al. 2006.
Alphal-antitrypsin polymorphism in fibromyalgia syndrome patients from the
Asturias province in northern Spain: a significantly higher prevalence of
the PI*Z deficiency allele in patients than in the general population.
J Musculoskel Pain 14(3):5-12. A gene has been found that is
twice as high in FMS patients as in this general population. The gene
is associated with AT, an anti-inflammatory substance, and may indicate that
“...at least a subset of FMS subjects could suffer from an inflammatory
process, mediated by cytokines, proteases, and inflammation mediators
normally inhibited by AT.” [This study indicates that if there is a
triggering event that causes inflammation in the extra cellular matrix and
the patient lacks these anti-inflammatory modulators due to genetics, the
central sensitization process of FMS could begin. DJS]
Blashki G, McMichael T, Karoly DJ. 2007.
Climate change and primary health care. 36(12):986-989. “Climate
change has substantial potential health effects. These include heat
stress related to heat waves; injuries related to extreme weather events
such as storms, fires and floods; infectious disease outbreaks due to
changing patterns of mosquito borne and water borne diseases; poor nutrition
from reduced food availability and affordability; the psychosocial impact of
drought; and the displacement of communities. Primary health care has
an important role in preparing for and responding to these climate change
related threats to human health.” [Patients with weather-reactive
health conditions should be environmental activists. We are the canaries in
the mines. Sensitivity to pollution in all its forms has made us the
first to be aware, but we will not be the last to be affected. DJS]
Bliddal H, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. 2007. Chronic
widespread pain in the spectrum of rheumatological diseases. Best
Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 21(3):391-402. “Evidence points to
central sensitization as an important neurophysiological aberration in the
development of FMS. Importantly, these neurological changes may result
from inadequately treated chronic focal pain problems such as osteoarthritis
or myofascial pain.” “Fibromyalgia patients need recognition of their
pain syndrome if they are to comply with treatment. Lack of empathy
and understanding by healthcare professionals often leads to patient
frustration and inappropriate illness behavior, often associated with some
exaggeration of symptoms in an effort to gain some legitimacy for their
problem.”
Blunz, K. L., M. H. Rajwani and R. C. Guerriero. 1997.
The effectiveness of chiropractic management of fibromyalgia patients: a pilot
study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 20(6):389-399.
Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJ et al. 2004. Chronic
pain and frequent use of health care. Pain 111(1-2):51-58.
“There was a strong association between pain-related disability and
greater use of services.”
Bohme K. 2002. Buprenorphine in a
transdermal therapeutic system — a new option. Clin Rheumatol
21 Suppl 1:S13-S16. “Typical opioid-related adverse events
were reported with a low incidence and mild intensity. Clinical
benefit, coupled with a high level of patient compliance and improved
quality of life, substantiate the usefulness of buprenorphine TDS in a
practical setting.”
Bolgla LA, Malone TR. 2004. Plantar fasciitis
and the Windlass Mechanism: A biochemical link to clinical practice.
J Alth Train 39(1):77-82. “This model provides a means for
describing plantar fasciitis conditions such that clinicians can formulate a
potential causal relationship between conditions and their treatments.
[This article is relevant to and can be useful in the treatment of
myofascial TrPs, and would have benefitted by their inclusion. DJS]
Bonadonna
R. Meditation’s impact on chronic illness. Holistic Nurs
Pract 17(6):309-319. This article points out that more research
needs to be done on the effect of living mindfully on chronic illness and
urges the practice of meditation as part of treatment regimens.
Bongers, K. M., J. P. ter Bruggen and C. L. Franke. 1991. [The
exploding head syndrome]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 135(14):617-618. [Dutch]
Bonifazi M, Lisa Suman A, Cambiaggi C et al. 2006.
Changes in salivary cortisol and corticosteroid receptor-alpha mRNA
expression following a 3-week multidisciplinary treatment program in
patients with fibromyalgia. Psychoneuroendocrinology
31(9):1076-1086. “One of the active mechanisms underlying the
effects of our treatment is an improvement of HPA axis function,
consisting in increased resiliency and sensitivity of the stress system
probably related to stimulation of GR-alpha synthesis by the components
of the treatment.”
Boninger M.L., Cooper R.A.,
Fitzgerald S.G. et al. 2003. Investigati | 
NOTE:
New Nomenclature