Falla D, Jull G, Edwards S et al. 2004.  Neuromuscular efficiency of the sternocleidomastoid and anterior scalene muscles in patients with chronic neck pain.  Disabil Rehabil. 26(12):712-717. “Reduced NME in the superficial cervical flexor muscles in patients with neck pain may be a measurable altered muscle strategy for dysfunction in other muscles.  This aberrant pattern of muscle activation appears to be most evident under conditions of low load.  NME, when measured at 25% MVC, may be a useful objective measure for future investigation of muscle dysfunction in patients with neck pain.”

Fang L., Wu J., Lin Q. et al. 2002. Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II contributes to spinal cord central sensitization. J Neurosci 22(10):4196-4204.

Fannelli Jr., G. M. and I. M. Weiner.  1975. Species variations among primates in responses to drugs which alter the renal excretion of uric acid.  J Pharmacol Exp Ther 193(2):363-375.

Farella M., Michelotti A., Gargano A et al. 2002. Myofascial pain syndrome misdiagnosed as odontogenic pain: a case report.  Cranio 20(4):307-11.  When the cause of dental pain cannot be clearly identified, consider all possible causes of dental pain, including the nonodontogenic ones such as myofascial pain, before any irreversible dental procedures are considered.

Farina S, Casarotto M, Benelle M et al. 2004.  A randomized controlled study on the effect of two different treatments (FREMS AND TENS) in myofascial pain syndrome.  N Eura Medicophys. 40(4):293-301.  Both methods appeared effective for myofascial pain, although FREMS seemed better.

Farrell, J and G. O. Littlejohn. 1999. Pain, nature of task, and body part used in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):279-284.

Fasmer, B. 1990. [Do antidepressive agents have analgesic effects?] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 110(18:2370-2. [Norwegian]

Fass R, Naliboff BD, Fass SS et al. 2007.  The effect of auditory stress on perception of intraesophageal acid in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.  Gastroenterology [Dec 7 Epub ahead of print].  “Acute auditory stress can exacerbate heartburn symptoms in GERD patients by enhancing perceptual response to intraesophageal acid exposure.  This greater perceptual response is associated with greater emotional responses to the stressor.”  [For those of us with FM amplification and GERD, auditory stress may be an even greater peril. DJS]

Faucett, J. A. 1994.  Depression in painful chronic disorders: the role of pain and conflict about pain.  J Pain Symptom Manage 9(8):520-526.

Faucett, J. A. and J. D. Levine.  1991.  The contributions of interpersonal conflict to chronic pain in the presence of absence of organic pathology.  Pain 44(1):35-43.

Faure A, Reynolds SM, Richard JM et al. 2008.  Mesolimbic dopamine in desire and dread: enabling motivation to be generated by localized glutamate in nucleus accumbens.  J Neurosci 28(28):7184-4192.  Reactions to dopamine deficiency seem to be exceedingly site-specific in the part of the brain called the nucleus accumbens, and the same amount injected in different areas of this part can generate appetite or fear.

Feder KP, Majnemer A. 2007.  Handwriting development, competency and intervention.  Dev Med Child Neurol. 49(4):312-317.  “Poor handwriting may be related to intrinsic factors, which refer to the child’s actual handwriting capabilities, or extrinsic factors which are related to environmental or biomechanical components, or both.”  “There is evidence to indicate that handwriting difficulties do not resolve without intervention and affect between 10 and 30% of school-aged children.”  [Students with these problems should be evaluated for myofascial TrPs. DJS]    

Feinberg, B. I. and R. A. Feinberg. 1998. Persistent pain after total knee arthroplasty: treatment with manual  therapy and trigger point injections.  J Musculoskel Pain 6(4):85-95.  

Feldman, D. and A. Krishnan.  1995.  Estrogens in unexpected places: possible implications for researchers and consumers.  Environ Health Perspect 103 Suppl 7: 129-33.  

Feldman, R. D. and N. D. Schmidt.  1999.  Moderate dietary salt restriction increases vascular and systemic insulin resistance.  Am J Hypertens 12(6):643-7.

Ferencik, M., M. Novak and J. Rovensky.  1998.  [Relation and interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems].  Bratisl Lek Listy 99(8-9):454-64 [Slovak].

Fernandez de las Penas CF, Carnero JF, Page JCM. 2005.  Musculoskeletal disorders in mechanical neck pain: myofascial trigger points versus cervical joint dysfunction – a clinical study.  J Musculoskeletal Pain 13(1).  “There is a possible relationship between the presence of TrPs in the upper trapezius muscle and the presence of cervical dysfunctions at C3 and C4 vertebrae in patients suffering from mechanical neck pain.  However, it cannot be established as a cause-effect relationship.  Moreover, there is clinical evidence showing that joint dysfunctions can induce TrP activity, and that TrP activity can aggravate corresponding joint dysfunction.”

Fernstrom, J. D.  1994.  Dietary amino acids and brain function.  J Am Diet Assoc 94(1):71-77.

Ferranninni, E. A. Q. Galvan, A. Gastaldelli, S. Camastra, A. M. Sironi, E. Toschi, S. Baldi, S. Frascerra, F. Monzani, A. Antonelli, M. Nannipieri, A. Mari, G. Seghieri, and A. Natali. 1999. Insulin: New roles for an ancient hormone. Eur J Clin Invest 29(10):842-52.

Ferrari R., H. Schrader and D. Obelieniene. 1999.  Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders associated with whiplash injury in Lithuania. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 87(6):653-7. 

Fetler L, Amigorena S. 2005.  Neuroscience.  Brain under surveillance: the microglia patrol.  Science 309(5733):392-393.  Opioids can activate pain inhibitory and facilitatory systems, but opioid-induced hyperalgesia may be prevented by strategies such as concomitant administration of NSAIDS or NMDA antagonists, use of combinations of opioids with different receptor selectivity, and other methods.

Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M et al. 2007.  Lower back pain and sleep disturbance are reduced following massage therapy.  J Bodywork Move Ther. 11, 141-145.  “…the massage therapy group, as compared to the relaxation group, reported experiencing less pain, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance.  They also showed improved trunk and pain flexion performance.”

Field T, Diego M, Cullen C et al. 2002.  Fibromyalgia pain and substance P decrease and sleep improves after massage therapy.  J Clin Rheumatol. 8(2):72-76.  “Both groups showed a decrease in anxiety and depressed mood immediately after the first and last therapy sessions.  However, across the course of the study, only the massage therapy group reported an increase in the number of sleep hours and a decrease in their sleep movements.  In addition, substance P levels decreased, and the patients’ physicians assigned lower disease and pain ratings and rated fewer tender points in the massage therapy group.”

Filatova E, Latysheva N, Kurenkov A. 2008.  Evidence of persistent central sensitization in chronic headaches: a multi-method study.  J Headache Pain [Aug 9 Epub ahead of print].  “CS is persistent and prevalent in patients with various types of chronic headache.  CS levels are unrelated to the predominant side of pain, disease duration or depression.  Neither is CS related to the headache type, suggesting similar mechanisms of headache chronification and chronicity maintaining and possibly explaining clinical similarity of various forms of chronic headache.”

Filipovic V, Viskic-stalec N. 2006.  The mobility capabilities of persons with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.  Spine. 31(19):2237-2242.  When there is a lack of normal mobility functions, especially with weak postural control mechanisms and proprioception, the body compensates and scoliosis can result.

Filos, K.S. and C.E.Vagianos. 1999. Pre-emptive analgesia: how important is it in clinical reality?  Eur Surg Res 31(2): 122-32.

Finckh A, Berner IC, Aubry-Rozier B et al. 2005.  A randomized controlled trial of dehydroepiandrosterone in postmenopausal women with fibromyalgia.  J Rheumatol 32(7):1336-1340.  This study did not find that taking DHEA brought about any useful changes.

Fink, G., B. Sumner, R. Rosie, H. Wilson and J. McQueen.  1999.  Androgen actions on central serotonin neurotransmission: relevance for mood, mental state and memory.  Behav Brain Res 105(1):53-68.  

Fishbain, D. A., H. L. Rosomoff and R. S. Rosomoff. 1992.  Drug abuse, dependence, and addiction in chronic pain patients.  Clin J Pain 8(2):77-85.  

Fishbain, D. A., M. Goldberg, R. S. Rosomoff and H. Rosomoff.  1991.  Completed suicide in chronic pain.  Clin J Pain 7(1):29-36. 

Fischer, A. A. 1999. Treatment of myofascial pain. J Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):131-142.

Fischer, A. A. 1999.  Algometry in diagnoses of musculoskeletal pain and evaluation of treatment outcome: an update. J Musculoskel Pain 6(1): 5-32.

Fischer, H. P., W. Eich and I. J. Russell.  1998.  A possible role for saliva as a diagnostic fluid in patients with chronic pain.  Semin Arthritis Rheum 27(6):348-59.

Fischer, A. A.  1988.  Documentation of myofascial trigger points.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 69(4):286-91. 

Fishman SM. 2006.  The role of the pain psychologist, trigger point injections, reflex sympathetic dystrophy.  J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 20(4):93-97.  “This feature presents information for patients in a question and answer format.  It is written to simulate actual questions that many pain patients ask and to provide answers in a context and language that most pain patients will comprehend.  Issues addressed in this issue are the role of the pain psychologist, trigger point injections, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy.”

Fitzcharles M.A., Boulos P. 2003.  Inaccuracy in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: analysis of referrals.  Rheumatology (Oxford) 42(2):263-7.  “At the final evaluation the accuracy of the diagnosis regarding FM by either the referring physician or by the rheumatologist at the time of the initial visit was correct in 34% of patients.”  This finding may help explain the current high rates of FM and caution physicians to consider other diagnostic possibilities when addressing diffuse musculoskeletal pain.

Fitzcharles, M. A. and J. M. Esdaile. 1997. The overdiagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med 103(1):44-50.

Flanagan, D. E. , J. C. Vaile, G. W. Petley, V. M. Moore, I. F. Godsland, R. A. Cockington, J. S. Robinson and D. I. Phillips. 1999. The autonomic control of heart rate and insulin resistance in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(4):1263-7. 

Flanagan, D., P. Wood, R. Sherwin, K. Debrah and D. Kerr.  1998.  Gin and tonic and reactive hypoglycemia: what is important–the gin, the tonic, or both?  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(3):   796-800.

Flato, B., A. Aasland, I. H. Vandvik and O. Forre. 1997.  Outcome and predictive factors in children with chronic idiopathic musculoskeletal pain.  Clin Exp Rheumatol 15(5):567-577.  

Flax, B. J.  1995.  Myofascial pain syndomes–the great mimicker.  Bol Assoc Med P R 87(10-12):167-170.

Floyd, J. A. 1999. Sleep promotion in adults. Annu Rev Nurs Res 17:27-56.  

Fogel RB, Triner J, White DP 2005.  The effect of sleep onset on upper airway muscle activity in patients with sleep apnoea versus controls.  J Physiol 564(Pt 2):549-562.  “Although CPAP eliminated differences in UAR (Upper Airway Resistance) during wakefulness and sleep, GGEMG genioglossus (activity) remained greater in the OSA patients.” [TrPs in the pharyngeal dilator muscles can significantly affect OSA.  Their previous work indicated tensor palatini muscle activity is high in OSA patients as well. DJS]

Ford, ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. 2002. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA Jan16;287(3):356-9.  About 47 million US residents have the metabolic syndrome, according to 2000 census data.

Forrest JB, Schmidt S. 2004.  Interstitial cystitis, chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a common and frequently identical clinical entity.  J Urol. 172(6 Pt 2):2561-2562.  “Interstitial cystitis in males appears to be more common than historically reported.  Interstitial cystitis in males and patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis share many clinical findings.  A higher incidence of interstitial cystitis had been found in American Indian males of Cherokee descent and deserves further investigation.”

Forseth KO, Mengshoel AM. 2007.  Multidimensional therapy in warm climate for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome – a pilot study.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):47 item 82.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]  “The multiple improvements indicate that multidimensional treatment in warm climate may have short and long lasting effect in patients with FM.  Further controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.”  [FM patients are heterogenous.  Some patients do better in warm dry climates and some do better in cold dry climates.  Some patients are both cold and heat sensitive, some are helped by humidity and others feel worse with humidity.  There are so many environmental variables that can affect a climate reactor that studies such as this may be very difficult to interpret.  DJS]

Forseth, K. O. , O. Forre and J. T. Gran. 1999. A 5.5 year prospective study of self-reported musculoskeletal pain and of fibromyalgia in a female population: significance and natural history. Clin Rheumatol 18(2):114-21.

Forseth, K. O. and J. T. Gran.  1992. The prevalence of fibromyalgia among women aged 20-49 years in Arendal, Norway.  Scand J Rheumatol 21(2):74-78.

Fourie WJ. 2008.  Considering wider myofascial involvement as a possible contributor to upper extremity dysfunction following treatment for primary breast cancer.  J Bodywork Move Ther. 12(4):349-355.  “Breast cancer treatment results in tissues losing their shearing and gliding ability.  Mapped restrictive tissue gliding clearly shows wider than reported restrictions.  This pattern needs further research and investigation.”  Breast cancer patients may find significant symptom relief from treatment of co-existing myofascial trigger points.

Fox, A. W. and R. L. Davis.  1998.  Migraine chronobiology.  Headache 38(6):436-41.

Fraenkel, L., Y. Zhang, C. E. Chaisson, S. R. Evans, P. W. Wilson and D. T. Felson.  1998. The association of estrogen replacement therapy and the Raynaud phenomenon in postmenopausal women.  Ann Intern Med 129(3):208-11.

Fraenkel, L., Y. Zhang, C. E. Chaisson, H. R. Maricq, S. R. Evans, F. Brand, P. W. Wilson and D. T. Felson.  1999.  Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud’s phenomenon in men and women.  Arthritis Rheum 42(2):306-10.

Frampton M, Harvey RJ, Kirchner V. 2003.  Propentofylline for dementia.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD002853.  This study is included on this website because this medication is being studied as a spinal glial cell modulator for central sensitization.  It crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Franco C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G. 2001.  Visceral obesity and the role of the somatotropic axis in the development of metabolic complications.  Growth Horm IGF 11:S97-S102.  “Several studies have described a range of metabolic disturbances associated with abdominal obesity, including glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipoproteinaemia, now widely known as the metabolic syndrome.  Several abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis have been described associated with visceral obesity, suggesting a central neuroendocrine dysregulation including increased cortisol concentration and impaired gonadotropin and growth hormone (GH) secretion.”

Francois, P. P., K. T. Preissner, M. Herrmann, R. P. Haugland, P. Vaudaux, D. P. Lew and K. H. Krause.  1999.

Frank, E. M. 1999. Myofascial trigger point diagnostic criteria in the dog. J Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):231-237.

Franklin DW, Burdet E, Tee KP et al. 2008.  CNS learns stable, accurate, and efficient movements using a simple algorithm.  J Neurosci. 28(44):11165-11173.  The algorithm proposed in this article may be very useful in understanding how the dysfunctional musculoskeletal system with proprioceptive concomitants in patients with chronic myofascial pain and the dysfunctional brain in FM can combine to cause exceptional difficulties for movement in patients with both of these conditions.  DJS]

Franssen JLM, Beersma B, Bron C. 2007.  Shoulder pain during swallowing: the use of surface electromyography as a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool in myofascial pain syndrome.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):22 item 33.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]  “MPS should be considered as a possible cause of musculoskeletal complaints in neck or shoulder disorders.  Surface electromyography can be of great benefit in the process of differential diagnosis and may be illuminate non-physiological motor behavior, which is one of the perpetuating factors in MPS.  The knowledge of referred pain patterns may be helpful in identifying the muscle to be treated.”  [This is a very interesting study, as the MTPs were initiated due to use of endotracheal tube during surgery, and the referral pain pattern occurred during swallowing.  Having experienced TPM cascade from endotracheal intubation myself, I know how difficult this can be and how unaware most anesthesiologists and other medical team members are that this can occur.  DJS]

Fredheim OM, Kaasa S, Dale O et al. 2006.  Opioid switching from oral slow release morphine to oral methadone may improve pain control in chronic non-malignant pain: a nine-month follow-up study.  Palliat Med. 20(1):35-41.

Freedenfeld RN, Murray M, Fuchs PN et al. 2006.  Decreased pain and improved quality of life in fibromyalgia patients treated with olanzapine, an atypical neuroleptic.  Pain Pract. 6(2):112-118.  “In general, the data provide strong support that olanzapine can, in certain patients, improve symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in patients who have had limited success with other treatment modalities.”  There were significant side-effects that caused discontinuance of treatment in a number of patients.

Fricton, J. R. 2002. "Masticatory myofascial pain" an explanatory model of regional muscle pain syndromes. J Musculoskel Pain 10(1/2)131-150. The presence of myofascial trigger points should be explored in cases of masticatory pain.

Friedman, D. P. 1990.  Perspectives on the medical use of drugs of abuse.  J Pain Symptom Manage 5(1 Suppl):S2-S5.

Friedman M, Gurpinar B, Lin HC et al. 2007.  Impact of treatment of gastroesophageal reflux on obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.  Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 116(11):805-811.  “Treatment of GERD had a significant impact on the reduction of the apnea-hypopnea index, snoring, and daytime sleepiness.  Elimination of GERD should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan for patients with OSAHS.” 

Freitas, J. P. , P. Filipe, I. Emerit, P. Meunier, C. F. Manso and F. Guerra Rodrigo. 1996. Hyaluronic acid in progressive systemic sclerosis. Dermatology. 192(1):46-9.

Fricton, J. R.  1996.  Myofascial pain of the head and neck: diagnosis and management. J Back & Musculoskeletal Rehab 6:177-194.

Friedberg F, Sohl SJ, Halperin PJ. 2008.  Teaching medical students about medically unexplained illnesses: a preliminary study.  Med Teach. [May 20 Epub ahead of print].  “A relatively brief exposure to factual information on specific medically unexplained illnesses was associated with more favorable attitudes toward CFS in fourth year medical students. Conclusion: This type of instruction may lead to potentially more receptive professional attitudes toward providing care to these underserved patients.”  You can’t see the pain, or the fatigue.  Medical students are much more receptive to patients with “invisible illnesses” if they are trained in their reality.

Frieri M. 2003.  Identification of masqueraders of autoimmune disease in the office.  Allergy Asthma Proc 24(6):421-9. Fibromyalgia is included as one of the diseases that often masquerades as and may be misdiagnosed as an autoimmune disease.  [This may result in inappropriate medications and therapies. DJS]

Frokjaer JB, Andersen SD, Gale J et al. 2005.  An experimental study of viscero-visceral hyperalgesia using an ultrasound-based multimodal sensory testing approach.  Pain [Nov 15 Epub ahead of print]. “Central mechanisms can explain the remote hyperalgesia to mechanical visceral stimulation and the increase in referred pain areas.”

Fruchwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Born J, et al.. 2001.  Hyperinsulinemia causes activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 Suppl 1:S38-40. Hyperinsulinemia acutely increases HPA secretory activity in healthy men.

Frye, J. 1997.  Homeopathy in office practice.  Prim Care 24(4):845-865.

Fugh-Berman, A. and J. M. Cott.  1999.  Dietary supplements and natural products as psychotherapeutic agents.  Psychosom Med 61(5):712-28.

Fujioka, M., K. Okuchi, K. I. Hiramatsu, T. Sakaki, S. Sakaguchi and Y. Ishii. 1997. Specific changes in human brain after hypoglycemic injury. Stroke 28(3):584-587.

Fukuda, K., Straus, S. E. , Hickie I., Sharpe, M. , Dobbins J, G., Komaroff A., and the ICFSSG.  1994. The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Approach to Its Definition and Study. Ann Int Med 121(12)953-959.

Ga H, Choi JH, Park CH et al. 2007.  Acupuncture needling versus lidocaine injection of trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome in elderly patients – a randomized trial.  Acupunct Med. 25(4):130-136.  “There was no significant difference between acupuncture needling and 0.5% lidocaine injection of trigger points for treating myofascial pain syndrome in elderly patients.”

Ga H, Koh HJ, Choi JH et al. 2007.  Intramuscular and nerve root stimulation vs. lidocaine injection to trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome.  J Rehabil Med. 39(5):374-378.  “In managing myofascial pain syndrome, after one month intramuscular stimulation resulted in more significant improvements in pain intensity, cervical range of motion and depression scales than did 0.5% lidocaine injection of trigger points.  Intramuscular stimulation is therefore recommended for myofascial pain syndrome.”

Gagliese, L. and R. Melzack.  1997.  Chronic pain in elderly people.  Pain 70(1):3-14.

Gagnon I, Swaine B, Friedman D et al. 2004.  Children show decreased dynamic balance after mild traumatic brain injury.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(3):444-452.  Even mild traumatic brain injury can cause postural balance dysfunction in children 10 weeks after the injury.

Galic MA, Persinger MA. 2007.  Lagged association between geomagnetic activity and diminished nocturnal pain thresholds in mice.  Bioelectromagnetics [Jul 26 Epub ahead of print].  “If the geomagnetic activity was greater 3 days before a given hotplate trial, subjects tended to exhibit shorter response latencies, suggesting lower pain thresholds or less analgesia.  These results are supported by related experimental findings and suggest that natural variations in geomagnetic intensity may influence nociceptive behaviors in mice.”  [This study, although done in mice, may have implications for electromagnetic sensitivity observed in some FM patients.  DJS]

Galinier, M., J. Fourcade, N. Ley, S. Boveda, S. Solera, M. L. Solera, P. Massabuau, S. Elhabaj, J. M. Fauvel, P. Valdiguie and J. P. Bounhoure. 1999. [No title available] Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 92(8):1105-9. [French] 

Gallagher, R. M.  1999.  Primary care and pain medicine.  A community solution to the public health problem of chronic pain.  Med Clin North Am 83(3):555-83,v.

Gallagher, R. M. and S. Verma.  1999.  Managing pain and comorbid depression: A public health challenge.  Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 4(3):203-20.

Galland L. 2006.  Patient-centered care: antecedents, triggers and mediators.  Altern Ther Health Med. 12(4):62-70.  “Functional medicine is essentially patient centered, rather than disease centered.  A structure is presented for uniting a patient-centered approach to diagnosis and treatment with the fruits of modern clinical science (which evolved primarily to serve the prevailing model of disease-centered care).  The core scientific concepts of disease pathogenesis are antecedents, triggers, and mediators.  Antecedents are factors, genetic or acquired, that predispose to illness; triggers are factors that provoke the symptoms and signs of illness; and mediators are factors, biochemical or psychosocial, that contribute to pathological changes and dysfunctional responses.  Understanding the antecedents, triggers, and mediators that underlie illness or dysfunction in each patient permits therapy to be targeted to the needs of the individual.  The conventional diagnosis assigned to the patient may be of value in identifying plausible antecedents, triggers or mediators for each patient, but is not adequate by itself for the designing of patient-centered care.  Applying the model of person-centered diagnosis to patients facilitates the recognition of disturbances that are common in people with chronic illness.  Diet, nutrition, and exposure to environmental toxins play central roles in functional medicine because they may predispose to illness, provoke symptoms, and modulate the activity of biochemical mediators through a complex and diverse set of mechanisms.  Explaining those mechanisms is a key objective of the Textbook of Functional Medicine (from which this article is excerpted).  A patient's beliefs about health and illness are critically important for self-care and may influence both behavioral and physiological responses to illness.  Perceived self-efficacy is an important mediator of health and healing.  Enhancement of patients' self-efficacy through information, education, and the development of a collaborative relationship between patient and healer is a cardinal goal in all clinical encounters.”  [ I strongly recommend this textbook for any doctor who has patients with chronic illness.  It will help them get to the cause of some of the metabolic dysfunctions. DJS]

Galski, T., J. B. Williams and H. T. Ehle.  2000.  Effects of opioids on driving ability.  J Pain Symptom Manage 19(3):200-8.

Gamez-Nava, J. I., L. Gonzalez-Lopez, P. Davis and M. E. Suarez-Almazor.  1998.  Referral and diagnosis of common rheumatic diseases by primary care physicians.  Br J Rheumatol 37(11):1215-9.

Gamsa, A.  1990. Is emotional disturbance a precipitator or a consequence of chronic pain? Pain 42(2): 183-195.

Gansky SA, Plesh O. 2007.  Widespread pain and fibromyalgia in a biracial cohort of young women.  J Rheumatol. [Feb 1 Epub ahead of print]  These conditions are common, and there may be racial differences that seem to develop early.

Garbuzenko E, Nagler A, Pickholtz D et al. 2002.  Human mast cells stimulate fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis and lattice contraction: a direct role for mast cells in skin fibrosis.  Clin Exp Allergy. 32(2):237-246.  This study indicates that co-existing allergies and the presence of more numerous mast cells may have a significant affect on scarring, formation of adhesions and fibrosis.  One of the two main mast cell mediators involved is histamine, one of the biochemicals produced during MTrP local twitch response.  Allergies may thus be interactive with other conditions in yet one more way.

Garcia,  J. and R. D. Altman. 1997 a.  Chronic pain states: invasive procedures. Semin Arthritis Rheum 27(3):156-160.  

--- 1997 b.  Chronic pain states: pathophysiology and medical therapy.  Semin Arth Rheum 27(1):1-16.  

Garcia R. Jr., and J. A. Arrington. 1996. The relationship between cervical whiplash and temporomandibular joint injuries: an MRI study.  Cranio 14(3):233-9. 

Gardner, J. R. and G. Sandhu.  1997.  The stigma and enigma of chronic non-malignant back pain (CNMBP) treated with long-term opioids (LTO).  Contemp Nurse 6(2):61-66. 

Garg A. 2006.  Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and lipodystrophy.  Clin Cornerstone 8 Suppl 4:S7-S13.  “Dysfunction of adipose tissue can result in insulin resistance and its metabolic complications in patients with excess body fat (obesity) or markedly reduced body fat (lipodystrophy).  Alterations in free fatty acid and adipocytokine release from adipose tissue may underlie metabolic complications.”   Adipose tissue is more than a mechanical perpetuating factor.

Garrison RL, Breeding PC. 2003.  A metabolic basis for fibromyalgia and its related disorders: the possible role of resistance to thyroid hormone.  Med Hypotheses 61(2):182-189.  Thyroid resistance may be a key perpetuating factor of FM.

Gatchel RJ, Okifuji A. 2006.  Evidence-based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs for chronic nonmalignant pain.  J Pain 7(11):779-793.   “This review clearly revealed that CPPs offer the most efficacious and cost effective treatment for persons with chronic pain, relative to a host of widely used conventional medical treatment.” [Chronic pain programs for patients with FM and CMP must include care providers with the skills to diagnose and treat these conditions. DJS]

Gatts SK, Woollacott MH. 2006.  Neural mechanisms underlying balance improvement with short term Tai Chi training.  Aging Clin Exp Res. 18(1):7-19.  “TC (t’ai chi) enhanced neuromuscular responses controlling the ankle joint of the perturbed leg.  Fast, accurate neuromuscular activation is crucial for efficacious response to slips or trips.”

Gavish A., Winocur E., Ventura Y.S. et al. 2002.  Effects of stabilization splint therapy on pain during chewing in patients suffering from myofascial pain.  Patients with masticatory myofascial pain who used flat occlusal splints experienced less intense pain than the control patients. [Part of the reduction in pain may be due to TrPs becoming latent because of using the splint. DJS]

Ge HY, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Madeleine P et al.  2008.  Topographical mapping and mechanical pain sensitivity of myofascial trigger points in the infraspinatus muscle.  Eur J Pain. [Jan 17 Epub ahead of print].  “There exists bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia in patients with unilateral shoulder pain.  Further, the association of multiple active MTPs with unilateral shoulder pain and the heterogeneity of mechanical pain sensitivity distribution suggest a crucial role of peripheral sensitization in chronic myofascial pain conditions.”

Ge HY, Serrao M, Anderson OK et al. 2007.  Increased H-reflex response induced by intramuscular electrical stimulation at trigger points.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):22 item 34.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]  “The data suggest that there exists increased sensitivity of muscle spindle afferents at TrPs.”  This study indicates heightened H-reflex response at MTPs and gives additional data documenting the nature of the increased motor endplate sensitivity.

Gear, R. W., C. Miaskowski, N. C. Gordon, S. M. Paul, P. H. Heller and J. D. Levine.  1999. The kappa opioid nalbuphine produces gender- and dose-dependent analgesia and antianalgesia in patients with postoperative pain.  Pain 83(2):339-45.   

Gear, R. W., C. Miaskowski, P. H. Heller, S. M. Paul, N. C. Gordon and J. D. Levine.  1997. Benzodiazepine mediated antagonism of opioid analgesia.  Pain 71(1):25-29.

Gear,  R. W., C. Miaskowski, N. C. Gordon,  S. M. Paul, P. H. Heller and J. D. Levine 1996.  Kappa-opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than in men.  Nat Med 2(11):1248-1250.

Gedalia, A., J. Press, M. Klein and D. Buskila. 1993. Joint hypermobility and fibromyalgia in schoolchildren. Ann Rheum Dis 52 (7):494-496.  

Geddes, B. J. and A. J. Summerlee. 1995. The emerging concept of relaxin as a centrally acting peptide hormone with hemodynamic actions. J Neuroendocrinol 7(6):411-417.

Geenen R, Jacobs JW. 2001.  Fibromyalgia: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment.  Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 14(5):533-539.  “Fibromyalgia is a multifaceted problem.”  “…the objective in future evaluations should be to try to find the combined pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatment of choice for specific subgroups of patients.”

Geisser ME, Strader Donnell C, Petzke F et al. 2008.  Comorbid somatic symptoms and functional status in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: sensory amplification as a common mechanism.  Psychosomatics 49(3):235-242.  “Sensory amplification may be an underlying pathophysiologic mechanism in these disorders that is relatively independent of depression and depressive symptoms.”

Geisser ME, Glass JM, Rajcevska LD et al. 2008.  A psychophysical study of auditory and pressure sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls.  J Pain. 9(5):417-422.  “Muscle tenderness is the hallmark of FM, but the findings of this study and others suggest that persons with FM display sensitivity to a number of sensory stimuli.  These findings suggest that FM is associated with a global central nervous system augmentation of sensory information.  These findings may also help to explain why persons with FM display a number of comorbid physical symptoms other than pain.”  [As suspected and noted in my books and on the website handouts, the sensory amplification of FM does not stop with pain.  This means that the autonomic and proprioceptive symptoms of co-existing MTPS, such as dizziness, for example, may be greatly amplified.  Care providers and patients must be made aware of this to avoid expensive and possibly unnecessary testing and procedures. DJS]

Gelfand , M. M . 2000.  Sexuality among older women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med   Suppl 1:S15-20.       

Gemmell C, Leathem JM. 2006.  A study investigating the effects of Tai Chi Chuan: individuals with traumatic brain injury compared to controls.  “Tai Chi provides short-term benefits after TBI, with rigorous outcome measurement needed to examine long-term benefits.”

Genazzani, A. R., A. Spinetti, R. Gallo and F. Bernardi.  1999.  Menopause and the central nervous system: intervention options.  Maturitas 31(2):103-10.

Gendreau M, Hufford MR, Stone AA. 2003.  Measuring clinical pain in chronic widespread pain: selected methodological issues.  Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 17(4):575-592.  “Patients pain reports can be systematically biased by a number of methodological factors.”

Genter, P. M. and E. Ipp.  1994.  Accuracy of plasma glucose measurements in the hypoglycemic range. Diabetes Care 17(6):595-598.  Any interpretation or comparison of critical clinical and research measurements of glucose in different settings take into account methodological differences, particularly in the hypoglycemic range. 

Gentili, A. and J. D. Edinger.  1999.  Sleep disorders in older people.  Aging (Milano) 11(3):137-41.

Gerdle B, Ostlund N, Gronlund C et al. 2008.  Firing rate and conduction velocity of single motor units in the trapezius muscle in fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls.  J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 18(5):707-716.  “CV (conduction velocity) was significantly higher in FM than in healthy controls; this might be due to alterations in histopathology and microcirculation.”  [These might also be due to co-existing myofascial TrPs, as this has already been shown in other studies.  DJS]

Germanowicz D, Lumertz MS, Martinez D et al. 2006.  Sleep disordered breathing concomitant with fibromyalgia syndrome.  J Bras Pneumol. 32(4):333-338.  “…the more than ten-fold higher proportion of fibromyalgia cases seen in this sample supports the hypothesis that there is an association between sleep disordered breathing and fibromyalgia syndrome.

Gerson LB, Fass R. 2008.  A systematic review of the definitions, prevalence, and response to treatment of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.  [Dec 3 Epub ahead of print].  “Nocturnal GERD is common and is associated with adverse sleep parameters.  It can be effectively managed with medical and surgical therapy.”  [I disagree.  There is a subset of patients with GERD, especially those with FM and CMP, who may not be adequately managed by medical and surgical therapy.  I am one of those patients.  DJS]

Gerster, J. C. and A. Hadj-Djilani. 1984. Hearing and vestibular abnormalities in primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 11(5):678-680.

Gervais Tougas G. 1999. The autonomic nervous system in functional bowel disorders. Can J Gastroenterol 13 Suppl A:15A-7A.  [ED, THIS NOTATION IS CORRECT]

Gerwin R. 2008.  The taut band and other mysteries of the trigger point: An examination of the mechanisms relevant to the development and maintenance of the trigger point.  J Musculoskel Pain 16(1-2):115-121.  Dr. Gerwin’s hypothesis may fill in the missing elements in the formation of myofascial trigger points (MTPs).  We did not have an explanation for the excess release of acetylcholine, the excess release of calcium, and the excessive motor endplate noise, nor did we understand why the taut band forms.  These phenomenon could be explained by a dysfunctional ryanodine receptor calcium channel.  This dysfunctional ion channel could promote the excessive calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in persistent muscle fiber contraction.  Gates in the cell wall, like tiny airlocks in a space station, allow charged particles such as calcium, potassium and other minerals to flow in and out of the cell membrane and affect the interior metabolism of the cell.  The pathways are called ion channels.  An illness caused by dysfunction of the gate mechanism is called a channellopathy.   This important piece of the puzzle indicates that myofascial pain due to trigger points could be a channellopathy.  Dysfunctional mitochondria and/or second messenger dysfunction metabolically upstream could also be responsible or be associated with the ryanodine dysfunction. [I found this to be one of the most exciting revelations at the Myopain ‘07 Congress, offering great hope to those of us with myofascial pain.  This offers a whole new way of looking at myofascial pain, and perhaps a whole new way of treating it.  I hope researchers will take note and mobilize forces to investigate this. DJS]

Gerwin R. 2004.  Differential diagnosis of trigger points.  J Musculoskeletal Pain 12(3/4):23-28.   “Trigger points pain can have many different causes that must be identified and treated specifically.”

Gerwin, R. D. 1999.  Differential diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia. J Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):209-215.

Gerwin, R. D.  1999.  Myofascial pain syndromes from trigger points.  Pain 3:153-159. 

Gerwin, R. D.  1998.  Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia: Diagnosis and treatment.  J Back & Musculoskeletal Rehab 11:175-181.

Gerwin, R. D. and D. Duranleau. 1997. Ultrasound identification of the myofascial trigger point. Muscle Nerve 20:767-768. 

Gerwin, R. D.  1997.  Myofascial pain syndromes in the upper extremity.  J Hand Ther 10: 130-136.

Gerwin, R. D., S. Shannon, C. Z. Hong, D. Hubbard and R. Gevirtz.  1997.  Interrater reliability in myofascial trigger point examination.  Pain 69(1-2):65-73. 

Gerwin,  R. D. 1995.  A study of 96 subjects examined both for fibromyalgia and myofascial pain. J Musculoskel Pain 3(Suppl 1):121.(Abstract).  

Gerwin, R. D.  1991.  Myofascial aspects of low back pain.  Neurosurgery Clin North Am2(4):761-782.

Geudj E, Cammilleri S, Niboyet J et al. 2008.  Clinical correlate of brain SPECT perfusion abnormalities in fibromyalgia.  J Mucl Med. [Oct 16 Epub ahead of print].  “These results show that brain perfusion abnormalities in patients with fibromyalgia are correlated with the clinical severity of the disease.”

Ghione S, Del Seppia C, Mezzasalma L et al. 2004.  Human head exposure to a 37 Hz electromagnetic field: Effects on blood pressure, somatosensory perception, and related parameters. Bioelectromagnetics 25(3):167-175.  Specific electromagnetic field exposure can alter pain sensitivity in human beings.

Giamberardino MA, Vecchiet J, Affaitati G et al. 2007.  Antioxidative treatment for muscle symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):64 item 113.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]  “In CFS, prolonged treatment with Vitamin E produces parallel improvement of oxidative stress and muscle fatigue/hyperalgesia.  The results suggest an important pathophysiologic role for OS in the genesis of muscle symptoms in CFS.”

Giamberardino, M. A., G. Affaitati, S. Iezzi and L. Vecchiet. 1999. Referred muscle pain and hyperalgesia from viscera. J Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):61-69.

Giamberardino, M. A., K. J. Berkley, S. Iezzi, P. de Bigontina, and L. Vecchiet.  1997. Pain threshold variations in somatic wall tissues as a function of menstrual cycle, segmental site and tissue depth in non-dysmenorrhic women, dysmenorrhic women and men. Pain 71(2):187-97.

Gil, I. A., C. M. Barbosa, V. M. Pedro, K. C. Silverio, D. P. Goldfarb, V. Fusco and C. M. Navarro.  1998.  Multidisciplinary approach to chronic pain from myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: a four-year experience at a Brazilian center.  Cranio 16(1):17-25.

Gill K. A., Woodroofe, M. N. 2002.  Effect of extracellular matrix components on the presentation of chemokines and migration of microglia and astrocytes cell lines.  Glia (Suppl 1):S43 [Abstract]. These researchers “conclude that the effect of chemokines is significantly influenced by the extracellular environment, and the composition of the ECM may be important in the design of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory conditions.”

Gilula MF. 2007.  Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and fibromyalgia.  Expert Rev Med Devices. 4(4):489-495.  “Future medicine for FM and related conditions may increasingly involve multimodality treatment that features CES as one significant part of the therapeutic regimen.  Future medicine may also include CES as an invaluable, cost-effective add-on to many facets of clinical pharmacology and medical therapeutics.”

Giovengo, S. L. , I. J. Russell and A. A. Larson.  1999. Increased concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 26(7):1564-9.

Giske L, Vollestad NK, Mengshoel AM et al. 2007.  Attenuated adrenergic responses to exercise in women with fibromyalgia – a controlled study.  Eur J Pain. [Sep 7 Epub ahead of print]  “...the exercise was perceived as being more painful and strenuous in the FM group.  Muscle performance was altered with increased muscle activity during the exercise.  Women with FM showed an attenuated Adr (plasma adrenalin) response to repetitive isometric exercise.”

Glass JM. 2008.  Fibromyalgia and cognition.  J Clin Psychiatry. 69 Suppl 2:20-24.  “Patients with fibromyalgia frequently complain of cognitive problems or ‘fibrofog’.  The existence of these symptoms has been confirmed by studies of the incident of cognitive problems in fibromyalgia patients and by the results of objective tests of metamemory, working memory, semantic memory, everyday attention, task switching, and selective attention.  The results of these tests show that fibromyalgia patients have impairments in working, episodic, and semantic memory that mimic about 20 years of aging.  These patients have particular difficulty with memory when tasks are complex and their attention is divided.  Cognitive symptoms in these patients may be exacerbated by the presence of depression, anxiety, sleep problems, endocrine disturbances, and pain, but the relationship of these factors to cognitive problems in fibromyalgia patients is unclear.  Standardized tests and treatment have not yet been established for cognitive problems in fibromyalgia patients.”

Glass JM. 2006.  Cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: new trends and future directions.  Curr Rheumatol Rep. 8(6):425-429.  “Fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients often have memory and cognitive complaints.  Objective cognitive testing demonstrates long-term and working memory impairments.  In addition, CFS patients have slow information processing, and FM patients have impaired control of attention, perhaps due to chronic pain.  Neuroimaging studies demonstrate cerebral abnormalities and a pattern of increased neural recruitment during cognitive tasks.  Future work should focus on the specific neurocognitive systems involved in cognitive dysfunction in each syndrome.”

Gloth, F. M. 3^rd.  1996.  Concerns with chronic analgesic therapy in elderly patients.  Am J Med101(1A):19S-24S. 

Gluszek, J., L. Szczesniak, F. Banaszak, A. Tykarski and T. Rychlewski.  1999. [No title available].  Pol Arch Med Wewn 101(3):191-6 [Polish].

Godfrey, R. G.  1996.  A guide to the understanding and use of tricyclic antidepressants in the overall management of fibromyalgia and other chronic pain syndromes. Arch Intern Med156(10):1047-1052.

Goebal A, Buhner S, Schedel R et al. 2008.  Altered intestinal permeability in patients with primary fibromyalgia and in patients with complex regional pain syndrome.  Rheumatology [Jun 7 Epub ahead of print]  Intestinal permeability is significantly increased in both FM and CRPS patients.  [It would be interesting to check what factors these patients had in common, such as medications. DJS]

Gogas KR. 2005.  Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: NR2B receptor antagonists.  Curr Opin Pharmacol Dec 20; [Epub ahead of print]  “...phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit (-containing NMDA receptor) could be responsible for the initiation and maintenance of the central sensitization seen in neuropathic pain states.” 

Gold AR, Dipalo F, Gold MS et al. 2004.  Inspiratory airflow dynamics during sleep in women with fibromyalgia.  Sleep 27(3):459-466.  “Inspiratory airflow limitation is a common inspiratory airflow pattern during sleep in women with fibromyalgia.  Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that inspiratory flow limitation during sleep plays a role in the development of the functional somatic syndromes.”

Gold, D. R., S. Rogacz, N. Bock, T. D. Tosteson, T. M. Baum, F. E. Speizer and C. A. Czeisler. 1992.  Rotating shift work, sleep, and accidents related to sleepiness in hospital nurses.  Am JPublic Health 82(7):1011-4.  

Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L. 2004.  Management of fibromyalgia syndrome.  JAMA 292(19):2388-2395.  “A number of commonly used FM therapies, such as trigger point injections, have not been adequately evaluated.”  [This is a noteworthy quote, in so much as there are no such things as fibromyalgia trigger points and thus no FM trigger point injections to be evaluated.  Myofascial trigger point injections, however, have been adequately evaluated.  It is fundamental that clinicians and researchers need to understand that there are no fibromyalgia trigger points, and that myofascial pain is not the same as fibromyalgia.  Until this happens, the research will be skewed and the conclusions reached not viable.  DJS]

Goldenberg DL, Burchkardt C, Crofford L. 2004.  JAMA 292(19):2388-2395.  “Despite the chronicity and complexity of FM, there are pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions available that have clinical benefit.”  [FM is treatable,]

Goldenberg, DL. 1999.  Fibromyalgia syndrome a decade later: what have we learned?  Arch Intern Med 159(8):777-85.

Goldberg, G. M., R. D. Kerns and R. Rosenberg. 1993. Pain-relevant support as a buffer from depression among chronic pain patients low in instrumental activity. Clin J Pain 9(1):34-40.  

Goldberg, R. T., W. N. Pachas and D. Keith.  1999.  Relationship between traumatic events in childhood and chronic pain.  Disabil Rehabil 21(1):23-30.  

Goldberg, R. L. , J. P. Huff, M. E. Lenz, P. Glickman, R. Katz and E. J. Thonar.  1991. Elevated plasma levels of hyaluronate in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34(7):799-807.

Goldstein, L. B., F. C. Last and V. M. Salerno.  1997.  Prevalence of hyperactive digastric muscles during swallowing as measured by electromyography in patients with myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.  Funct Orthod 14(3):18-22.

Golinski, M. A. and D. M. Fill.  1995.  Preemptive analgesia.  CNRA 6(1):16-20.  

Goodchild CS, Kolosov A, Tucker AP et al. 2008.  Combination therapy with flupirtine and opioids: studies in rat pain models.  Pain Med. 9(7):928-938.  “Flupirtine increases morphine antinociception without causing an increase in sedation.  Flupirtine should be investigated as an adjunct analgesic with opioids for the management of patients with pain states involving central sensitization.”  [Other available opioid “boosters” such as dextromethorphan and pherngan need to be looked at closely as well. DJS]

Goon JA, Aini AH, Musalmah M et al. 2009.  Effect of tai chi exercise on DNA damage, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress in middle-age adults.  J Phys Act Health. 6(1):43-54.  “Regular tai chi exercise stimulated endogenous antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative damage markers.”

Gordon, D. A.  1999.  Chronic widespread pain as a medico-legal issue.  Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 13(3):531-43.  

Gordon, N. P., P. D. Cleary, C. E. Parker and C. A. Czeisler.  1986.  The prevalence and health impact of shiftwork.  Am J Public Health 76(10):1225-8. 

Gotlin, R. S., S. Hershkowitz, P. M. Juris, E. G. Gonzalez, W. N. Scott and J. N. Insall.  1994. Electrical stimulation effect on extensor lag and length of hospital stay after total knee arthroplasty.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75(9):957-959.

Goucke CR. 2001.  Australian management strategies for oral opioid use in non-malignant pain. Eur J Pain 5 Suppl A:99-101.

Govender C, Cassimjee N, Schoeman J et al. 2007.  Psychological characteristics of FM patients.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):55 item 98.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]  “The majority of subjects exhibited secure attachment and the results questions the existence of a single FM-prone psychological profile.”

Gowans SE, Dehueck A. 2007.  Pool exercise for individuals with fibromyalgia.  Curr Opin Rheumatol. 19(2):168-173.  “Pool exercise can be an effective intervention for individuals with fibromyalgia.”  [One must be careful of the temperature of the pool and the type of exercise, especially if patients have co-existing myofascial TrPs. DJS]

Gowans SE, DeHueck A. 2004.  Effectiveness of exercise in management of fibromyalgia.  Curr Opin Rheumatol 16(2):138-42.  “Individuals with fibromyalgia also need to be able to access community exercise programs that are appropriate for them.  This may require community instructors to receive instruction on exercise prescription and progression for individuals with fibromyalgia.”  [ It is also vitally important that these individuals receive instruction on the dangers of repetitive exercise for individuals with co-existing CMP. DJS]

Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T et al. 2004.  Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia.  Brain 127(Pt 4):835-843. [Epub ahead of print Feb 11]  “Catastrophizing influences pain perception through altering attention and anticipation, and heightening emotional responses to pain.  Activation associated with catastrophizing in motor areas of the brain may reflect expressive responses to pain that are associated with greater pain catastrophizing.”

Gracely R.H., Petzke F., Wolf J.M. et al. 2002.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 46(5):1333-43.

Graff-Radford, S. B. , J. L. Reeves, R. L. Baker and D. Chiu. 1989. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on myofascial pain and trigger point sensitivity. Pain 37(1):1-5.

Grafe, A., U. Wollina, B. Tebbe, H. Sprott, C. Uhlemann and G. Hein.  1999.  Fibromyalgia in lupus erythematosus.  Acta Derm Venereol 79(1):62-4.  

Graham, C. and M. R. Cook.  1999.  Human sleep in 60 Hz magnetic fields.  Bioelectro-magnetics 20(5):277-83.

Grant, J. A., L. Danielson, J. P. Rihoux and C. DeVos.  1999.  A double-blind, single-dose, crossover comparison of cetirizine, ebastine, epinastine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, and loratadine versus placebo: suppression of histamine-induced wheal and flare response for 24 h in. Allergy 54(7):700-7.

Grassi, W., R. De Angelis, G. Lapadula, G. Leardini and R. Scarpa.  1998.  Clinical diagnosis found in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon: a multicenter study.  Rheumatol Int 18(1):17-20.

Grassi, W., P. Core, G. Corlino, F. Salaffi and C. Cervini. 1994. Capillary permeability in fibromyalgia.  J Rheumatol 21(7):1328-1331.

Graven-Nielsen, T., K. S. Aspegren, K. G. Henriksson, M. Bengtsson, J. Sorensen, A. Johnson, B. Gerdle and L. Arendt-Nielsen.  2000.  Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients.  Pain 85(3):483-491.

Greenblatt, D. J., J. S. Harmatz, L. L. von Moltke, B. L. Ehrenberg, L. Harrel, K. Corbett, M. Counihan, J. A. Graf, M. Darwish, P. Mertzanis, P. T. Martin, W. H. Cevallos and R. I. Shader.  1998. Comparative kinetics and dynamics of zaleplon, zolpidem, and placebo.  Clin Pharmacol Ther 64(5):553-61.

Greenburg, P.E., Leong, S. A., Birnbaum, H.G. et al. 2003.  The economic burden of depression with painful symptoms.  64 Suppl 7:17-23.  “When painful physical symptoms accompany the already debilitating psychiatric and behavioral symptoms of depression, the economic burden that ensues for patients and their employers increases considerably.  On purely economic grounds, more aggressive outreach may be warranted for patients with depression and comorbid pain to initiate treatment before symptoms are allowed to persist.”

Greenfield, S., M. A. Fitzcharles and J. M . Esdaile. 1992. Reactive fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 35(6):678-681.

Greenlund, K. J., R. Valdez, M. L. Casper, S. Rith-Najarian and J. B. Croft.  1999.  Prevalence and correlates of the insulin resistance syndrome among Native Americans.  Diabetes Care22:441-447.

Greenman, Philip E.  1996. Principles of Manual Medicine. Baltimore MD: Williams and Wilkins. Griffiths, R. D., C. J. Hinds and R. A. Little.  1999.  Manipulating the metabolic response to injury.  Br Med Bull 55(1):181-95.

Greisen J, Juhl CB, Grofte T et al. 2001.  Acute pain induces insulin resistance in humans.  Anesthesiology. 95(3):573-4  “...pain relief in stress states is important for maintenance of normal glucose metabolism.”  [Chronic pain patients may also be predisposed to insulin resistance.  DJS]

Grichnik, K. P. and F. M. Ferrante.  1991.  The difference between acute and chronic pain.  Mt Sinai J Med 58(3):217-220.  

Griep, E. N.,  J. W. Boersma, E. G. Lentjes, A. P. Prins, J. K. van der Korst and E. R. de Kloet. 1998. Function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with fibromyalgia and low back pain.  J. Rheumatol 25(7):1374-81.

Griep, E. N., J. W. Boersma, and E. R. de Kloet. 1994. Pituitary release of growth hormone and prolactin in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome.  J Rheumatol 21(11):2125-2130.

Griep, E. N. , J. W. Boersma, and E. R. de Kloet. 1993. Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the primary fibromylgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 20(3):469-74.

Griffin, L. D. and S. H. Mellon.  1999.  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alteractivity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes.  Proc Natl Acad Sci 96(23):13512-7.

Grigsby, J., N. L. Rosenberg and D. Busenbark. 1995. Chronic pain is associated with deficits in information processing. Percept Mot Skills 81(2):403-410.

Grigsby, J., N. L. Rosenberg and D. Busenbark.  1995.  Chronic pain is associated with deficits in information processing.  Percept Mot Skills 81(2):403-410.

Grinnell F. 2008.  Fibroblast mechanics in three-dimensional collagen matrices.  J Bodywork Move Ther. 12(3):191-193.  “Fascia provides mechanical support and frameworks for the other tissues of the body.  Type 1 collagen is the major protein component of fascia, and fibroblasts are the cell type primarily responsible for its biosynthesis and remodeling.  Research on fibroblasts interacting with collagen matrices provides new insights regarding how cell-matrix tension state and growth factor specificity regulate cell migration and matrix remodeling.”

Grip H, Sundelin G, Gerdle B et al. 2007.  Variations in the axis of motion during head repositioning – a comparison of subjects with whiplash-associated disorders or non-specific neck pain and healthy controls.  Clin Biomech [Jul 6 Epub ahead of print].   “Measuring variation in the axis of motion together with target performance gives objective measures on proprioceptive ability that are difficult to quantify by visual inspection.  Repositioning errors were in general small, suggesting it is not sufficient as a single measurement variable in a clinical situation, but should be measured in combination with other tests, such as range of motion.”  [Pain at the end of range of motion indicates the possibility of myofascial trigger points, and as MTrPs often have proprioceptor components, this study would have been better for including them.  DJS]

Grisart, J., Van der Linden M., Masquelier E. 2002. Controlled processes and automaticity in memory functioning in fibromyalgia patients: relation with emotional distress and hypervigilance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 24(8):994-1009.  “...memory functioning in fibromyalgia patients is related to their painful condition as a whole rather than to any particular patient’s characteristics.”

Grisart, J. M. and L. H. Plaghki.  1999.  Impaired selective attention in chronic pain patients.Eur J Pain 3(4):325-333.

Grontved, A., T. Brask, J. Kambskard and E. Hentzer.  1988.  Ginger root against seasickness.A controlled trial on the open sea.  Acta Otolarygol (Stockh) 105(1-2):45-49.

Grossman P, Tiefenthaler-Gilmer U, Raysz A et al. 2007.  Mindfulness training as an intervention for fibromyalgia: evidence of postintervention and 3-year follow-up benefits in well-being.  Psychother Psychosom. 76(4):226-233.  “…results indicate mindfulness intervention to be of potential long-term benefit for female fibromyalgia patients.”  

Grotenhermen F. 2005. Cannabinoids. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 4(5):507-530.  “Cannabinoid receptors are distributed in the central nervous system and many peripheral tissues, including immune system, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts, sympathetic ganglia, endocrine glands, arteries, lung and heart.”  “The current main focus of clinical research is their efficacy in chronic pain and neurological disorders.”

Gruber, D. M. and J. C. Huber.  1999.  Gender-specific medicine: the new profile of gynecology.Gynecol Endocrinol 13(1):1-6.

Grumbach, M. M. and R. J. Auchus.  1999.  Estrogen: consequences and implications of human mutations in synthesis and action.  C Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(12):4677-94.  

Grundy, S. M.  1999.  Hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.  Am J Cardiol 83(9B):25F-29F.  

Gunn, C. C. 1996. The Gunn Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Pain. New York, New York: Churchill Livingstone

Gunter, H. H., H. J. Balks, U. Messner, M. Meffert, U. Nitsche, N. F. Rath and F. Degenhardt. 1999. [No title available. German].  Zentralbl Gynakol 121(8):357-66.

Haak T, Scott B. 2007.  The effect of Qigong on fibromyalgia (FM): a controlled randomized study.  Disabil Rehabil.  [Jun 15 Epub ahead of print]  “…Qigong has positive and reliable effects regarding FM.”  “…Qigong intervention could be a useful complement to medical treatment for subjects with FM.”

Haanen, H. C. , H. T. Hoenderdos, L. K. van Romunde, W. C. Hop, C. Mallee, H. P. Terwiel and G. B. Hekster. 1991. Controlled trial of hypnotherapy  in the treatment of refractory fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 18(1):72-75. 

Hader, N., D. Rimon, A. Kinarty and N. Lahat. 1991. Altered interleukin-2 secretion in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 34(7):866-71.

Hagglund, K. J., W. E. Deuser, S. P. Buckelew, J. Hewett and D. R. Kay.  1994.  Weather, beliefs about weather, and disease severity among patients with fibromyalgia.  Arthritis Care Res7(3):130-135.

Hainaut, K. and J. Duchateau. 1992. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary exercise. Sports Med 14(2):100-113.

Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., F. K. MacLeod and G. J. Asmundson.  1999.  Validation of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory.  Pain 80(3):471-81.

Hakguder A, Birtane M, Gurcan S et al. 2003.  Efficacy of low level laser therapy in myofascial pain syndrome: An Algometric and thermographic evaluation.  Lasers Surg Med 33(5):339-343.  “LLLT seemed to be beneficial for pain in MPS...” documented by algometry and thermography.

Hakonarson H, Thornorsson A. 2001.  [Common causes of sleep disturbances in Icelandic children who undergo sleep studies.]  Laeknabladid 87(10):799-804.  [Icelandic]  “…both OSA and GER are common problems in children with sleep disturbances.  We conclude that sleep studies are important in the overall workup of children with sleep disturbances….”

Hall, S.  1999.  Common pain scenarios.  Aust Fam Physician 28(1):31-5.

Hallberg, L. R. and S. G. Carlsson.  1998.  Anxiety and coping in patients with chronic work-related muscular pain and patients with fibromyalgia.  Eur J Pain 2(4):309-319.

Hameroff, S. R., J. L. Weiss, J. C. Lerman, R. C. Cork, K. S. Watts, B. R. Crago, C. P. Neuman,J. R. Womble and T. P. Davis.  1984.  Doxepin’s effects on chronic pain and depression: acontrolled study.  J Clin Psychiatry 45(3 Pt2):47-53. 

Hamilton NA, Affleck G, Tennen H et al. 2008.  Fibromyalgia: the role of sleep in affect and in negative event reactivity and recovery.  Health Psychol. 27(4):490-497.  The amount of pain and the affect on quality of life was significantly impacted on the amount and quality of sleep the night before. Sleep duration and sleep quality affected the mood, stress reactivity and stress recovery of the patient the next day.  “Furthermore, the effects of inadequate sleep on negative affect were cumulative.  In addition, an inadequate amount of sleep prevented affective recovery from days with a high number of negative events....These results lend support to the hypothesis that sleep is a component of allostatic load and has an upstream role in daily functioning.”

Han HS, Suk K. 2005.  The function and integrity of the neurovascular unit rests upon the integration of the vascular and inflammatory cell systems.  Curr Neurovasc Res. 2(5):409-423.  “In an effort to understand the pathogenesis and find rational treatments against inflammatory disorders in brain, studies have been separately carried out using either endothelial cells or microglia.  Increased evidence, however, indicates that a crosstalk between these two cell types is important for the brain inflammation.” 

Han, S. C. and P. Harrison.  1997.  Myofascial pain syndrome and trigger-point management.Reg Anesth 22(1):89-101.  

Han, Y., J. Wang, D. A. Fischman, H. F. Biller and I. Sanders.  1999.  Slow tonic muscle fibers in the thyroarytenoid muscles of human vocal folds; a possible specialization for speech. Anat Rec 256(2):146-57. 

Hanani M., T. Huang, P. Cherkas et al. 2002. Glial cell plasticity in sensory ganglia induced by nerve damage. Neuroscience 114(2):279. Changes in glial cells may contribute to neuropathic pain.

Handa, R., P. Aggarwal,  J. P. Wali, N. Wig and S. N. Dwivedi. 1998.  Fibromyalgia in Indian patients with SLE.  Lupus 7(7):475-8. 

Handwerker, H. O. , C. Forster and C. Kirchhoff. 1991. Discharge patterns of human C-fibers into used by itching and burning stimuli.  J Neurophysiol 66(1):307-15.

Hanna, J. L.  1995.  The power of dance: health and healing.  J Altern Complement Med 1(4): 323-31.

Hannonen, P., K. Malminiemi, U. Yli-Kerttula, R. Isomeri and P. Roponen.  1998. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of moclobemide and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia in females without psychiatric disorder.  Br J Rheumatol 37(12):1279-86.

Hansen A, Bi P, Nitschke M et al. 2008.  The effect of heat waves on mental health in a temperate Australian city.  Environ Health Perspect. 116(10):1369-1375.  “Conclusion: Our results suggest that episodes of extreme heat pose a salient risk to the health and well-being of the mentally ill.  Relevance to clinical or professional practice: Improvements in the management and care of the mentally ill need to be addressed to avoid an increase in psychiatric morbidity and mortality as heat waves become more frequent.”  [ This study is interesting, and I would like to see more work done on the effects on chronic pain by extreme weather changes, ionic winds, and other phenomena that will become more prevalent with climate change.  DJS]   

Hapidou, E. G.  and G. B. Rollman. 1998. Menstrual cycle modulation of tender points.  Pain 77(2):151-61

Harden RN, Revivo G, Song S et al. 2007.  A critical analysis of the tender points in fibromyalgia.  Pain Med. 8(2):147-156.  “There was a significant difference in the ‘algometric total score’ between patients with fibromyalgia and controls….”  “The points specified by the ACR were only modestly superior to sham points in making the diagnosis.”  [We clearly need a better definition of FM.  One is under development now. DJS]

Harden RN, Bruehl SP, Gass S, Niemiec C, Barbick B 2000. Signs and symptoms of the myofascial pain syndrome: a national survey of pain management providers.Clin J Pain 16(1):64-72. 

Harding, S. M. 1998. Sleep in fibromyalgia patients: subjective and objective findings. Am J Med Sci 315(6):367-376.

Harlow, B. L., L. B. Signorello, J. E. Hall, C. Dailey and A. L. Komaroff. 1998.  Reproductive correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome.  Am J Med 105(3A):94S-99S.

Haroutiunian S, Rosen G, Shouval R et al. 2008.  Open-label, add-on study of tetrahydrocannabinol for chronic nonmalignant pain.  J Pain Plliat Care Pharmacother. 22(3):213-217.  “Cannabinoids have been used for pain relief for centuries and recent studies have investigated their analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as well as clinical efficacy, in treating chronic pain.  We report an open-label study addressed to evaluate the effect and adverse events of orally administered Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) in 13 patients with chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) unresponsive to conventional pharmacotherapy.  The effect of the treatment was assessed on an eight-item HRQoL questionnaire.  Five out of 13 patients reported adequate response to the treatment while eight patients reported inadequate or no response.  Seven patients did not experience any adverse events (AEs), six patients reported AEs, two of which discontinued the treatment.  We conclude that oral THC may be a valuable therapeutic option for selected patients with CNMP that are unresponsive to previous treatments, though further research is warranted to characterize those patients.”  [It is interesting that other studies have indicated a dysfunctional endocannabinoid system in FM patients.  A study using cannabinoids on patients with FM, TrPs and both CMP and central sensitization (Stage II CMP) might be very useful.  See McPartland JM on the cannabinoid/TrP connection.  DJS]  

Harris, A. J.  1999.  Cortical origin of pathological pain.  Lancet 354(9188):1464-6.

Harrison, D. E., R. Cailliet, D. D. Harrison, S. J. Troyanovich and S. O. Harrison.  1999. A review of biomechanics of the central nervous system–Part I: spinal canal deformations resulting from changes in posture.  J Manipulative Physiol Ther 22(4):227-34.

Hart, P., S. Townley, M. Grimbaldston et al. 2002. Mast cells, neuropeptides, histamine, and prostagladins in UV-induced systemic immunosuppression. Methods 28(1):79.  This article points out the direct correlation between dermal mast cell prevalence and susceptibility to UVB-induced systemic immunosuppression in mice. [Above normal counts of mast cells have been found in fibromyalgia patients.] The authors propose histamine and prostaglandin E2 are important in downstream immunosuppression.

Harty J, Soffe K, O'Toole G et al. 2005.  The role of hamstring tightness in plantar fasciitis.  Foot Ankle Int. 26(12):1089-1092.  [Hamstring tightness, such as that due to myofascial TrPs, could be a major unrecognized factor contributing to plantar fasciitis. DJS]

Harvey, A. G. and R. A. Bryant.  1999.  Predictors of acute stress following motor vehicle accidents.  J Trauma Stress 12(3):519-25.

Hashkes PJ, Friedland O, Jaber L et al. 2004.  Decreased pain threshold in children with growing pains.  J Rheumatol 31(3):610-613.  Growing pain may be indicative of developing fibromyalgia tender points, according to this research, but they did not check for co-existing myofascial TrPs.  Growing pains are often due to TrPs.  Research that takes them into account would be more valuable, because we can't know if the link between the tender points and the growing pains is coincidental.

Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Vaschillo EG et al. 2007.  A pilot study of the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in patients with fibromyalgia.  Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. [Jan 12 Epub ahead of print]  “These data suggest that HRV biofeedback may be a useful treatment for FM, perhaps mediated by autonomic changes.  While HRV effects were immediate, blood pressure, baroreflex, and therapeutic effects were delayed.  This is consistent with data on the relationship among stress, HPA axis activity, and brain function.”

Hautanen, A., K. Raikkonen and H. Adlercreutz. 1997. Associations between pituitary-adrenocortical function and abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinaemia and dyslipidaemia in normotensive males.  J Intern Med 241(6):451-61.

Havas M. 2006.  Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: biological effects of dirty electricity with emphasis on diabetes and multiple sclerosis.  Electromagn Biol Med. 25(4):259-268.  “Several disorders, including asthma, ADD/ADHD, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue, and fibromyalgia, are increasing at an alarming rate, as is electromagnetic pollution in the form of dirty electricity, ground current, and radio frequency radiation from wireless devices.  The connection between electromagnetic pollution and these disorders needs to be investigated and the percentage of people sensitive to this form of energy needs to be determined.”  [One might want to add CMP to this list, especially if FM amplification is part of the picture. DJS]

Hawk, C., C. Long and A. Azad. 1997. Chiropractic care for women with chronic pelvic pain: a prospective single-group intervention study.  J Manip Physiol Ther 20 (2): 73-79.

Hayes, J. A.  1998.  TAC-TIC therapy: a non-pharmacological stroking intervention for premature infants.  Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 4(1):25-7.  

Haythornthwaite, J. A., L. A. Menefee, L. J. Heinberg and M. R. Clark.  1998.  Pain coping strategies predict perceived control over pain.  Pain 77(1):33-9.

Haythornthwaite, J. A., L. A. Menefee, A. L. Quatrano-Piacentini and M. Pappagallo.  1998. Outcome of chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain.  J Pain Symptom Manage 15(3):185-94.

Haythornthwaite, J. A., M. T. Hegel and R. D. Kerns.  1991.  Development of a sleep diary for chronic pain patients.  J Pain Symptom Manage 6(2):65-72.

Haythornthwaite, J. A., W. J. Sieber and R. D. Kerns.  1991.  Depression and the chronic pain experience.  Pain 46(2):177-184. 

Heap, L. C., T. J. Peters and S. Wessely.  1999.  Vitamin B status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.  J R Soc Med 92(4):183-5.

Heath KM, Elovic EP. 2006.  Vitamin D deficiency: implications in the rehabilitation setting.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 85(11):916-923.  “Vitamin D deficiency should be included in the differential diagnosis in the evaluation of musculoskeletal pain complaints in the rehabilitation setting, and treatment of any identified deficiency should be considered a potentially important component of the treatment regimen.”

Hein G., Franke S. 2002.  Are advanced glycation end-product-modified proteins of pathogenetic importance in fibromyalgia?  Rheumatology (Oxford) 41(10):1163-7.

Heinrich, S.  1991.  The role of physical therapy in craniofacial pain disorders: an adjunct to dental pain management.  Cranio 9(1):71-75.

Helfenstein, M. and D. Feldman.  2000.  The pervasiveness of the illness suffered by workersseeking compensation for disabling arm pain.  J Occup Environ Med 42(2):171-5.  

Heller, U., E. W. Becker, H. P. Zenner and P. A. Berg. 1998. [Incidence and clinical relevance of antibodies to phospholipids, serotonin and ganglioside in patients with sudden deafness and progressive inner ear hearing loss].   HNO 46(6):583-6. [German]

Hellstrom, O. , J. Bullington, G. Karlsson, P. Lindqvist and B. Mattsson. 1999. A phenomenological study of fibromyalgia.  Patient perspectives. Scand J Prim Health Care 17(1):11-6. 

Helme, R. D. , S. Gibson and Z. Khalil. 1990. Neural pathways in chronic pain. Med J Aust 153(7):400-406.

Helme, R. D. , G. O. Littlejohn and C. Weinstein. 1987. Neurogenic flare responses in chronic rheumatic pain syndromes. Clin Exp Neurol 23(1):91-94.  

Hemmeter, U., R. Kocher, D. Ladewig, M. Hatzinger, E. Seifritz, C. J. Lauer and E. Holsboer-Trachsler.  1995. [Sleep disorders in chronic pain and generalized tendomyopathy].  Schweiz Med Wochenschr 125(49):2391-7 [German] 

Henderson, D. J., B. S. Withington, J. A. Wilson and L. M. Morrison.  1999.  Perioperative dextromethorphan reduces postoperative pain after hysterectomy.  Anesth Analg 89(2):399-402.

Hendler, N. 1984. Depression caused by chronic pain. J Clin Psychiatry 45(3 pt 2):30-38. 

Henriksson, K. G. 1999. Muscle activity and chronic muscle pain. J Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):101-109.

Henriksson, K. G.  1999.  Is fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity?  Pain mechanisms in fibromyalgia syndrome.  A myologist’s view.  Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 13(3):455-61. 

Henriksson, C. and C.Burckhardt. 1996.  Impact of fibromyalgia on everyday life: a study of women in the  USA and Sweden. Disabil Rehabil 18(5):241-248.  

Henriksson, C. M.1994. Longterm effects of fibromyalgia on everyday life. A study of 56 patients. Scand J Rheumatol 23(1):36-41.

Henriksson, C., I. Gundmark , A. Bengtsson and A. C. Ek.  1992. Living with fibromyalgia. Consequences for everyday life. Clin J Pain 8(2):138-144.

Herald, J. and M.Pecenka. 1991.  Pain doctors: the real world of a pain practice.  An interview with Lawrence A. Funt. Dental Management March, 26-29.

Heredia Jimenez JM, Aparicio Garcia-Molina VA, Porres Foulquie JM et al. 2009.  Spatial-temporal parameters of gait in women with fibromyalgia.  Clin Rheumatol. [Jan 24 Epub ahead of print].  “Gait parameters of women affected by FM were severely impaired when compared to those of healthy women.  Different factors such as lack of physical activity, bradikinesia, overweight, fatigue and pain together with a lower isometric force in the legs can be responsible for the alterations in gait and poorer life quality of women with FM.”  [It is very likely that these gait abnormalities are due to the presence of co-existing soft tissue dysfunctions including TrPs.  It would have been valuable to assess these patients for co-existing TrPs, as their role in gait abnormalities has been carefully documented.  DJS]

Heyes, M. P., K. Saito and S. P. Markey. 1992. Human macrophages convert L-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Biochem J 283(Pt. 3):633-635.

Hicks. R. A., D. DeHaro, G. Inman and G. J. Hicks. 1999. Consistency of hand use and sleep problems. Percept Mot Skills 89(1):49-56.

Hill Jr., C. S.  1996.  Government regulatory influences on opioid prescribing and their impact on the treatment of pain of nonmalignant origin.  J Pain Symptom Manage 11(5):287-298.

Hill Jr., C. S.  1995. When will adequate pain treatment be the norm?  JAMA 274 (23):1881-2. 

Hill, C. S. Jr. 1992 The intractable pain treatment act of Texas. Tex Med 88(2):70-72.

Hilliard MJ, Martinez KM, Janssen I et al. 2008.  Lateral balance factors predict future falls in community-living older adults.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 89(9):1708-1713.  “The findings identify new predictor variables for risk of falling that underscore the importance of dynamic balance recovery performance through ML stepping in relation to neuromusculoskeletal factors contributing to lateral balance stability.  The results also highlight focused risk factors for falling that are amenable to clinical interventions for enhancing lateral balance function and preventing falls.”  [Any study on falls that fails to incorporate an assessment for relevant myofascial TrPs is failing in its purpose.  The presence of myofascial TrPs are a major risk factor for falls.  DJS]

Hitchcock, L. S., B. R. Ferrell and M. McCaffery. 1994 The experience of chronic non-malignant pain J Pain Sympt Manage 9(5):312-318.

Ho KY, Tan KH. 2006.  Botulinum toxin A for myofascial trigger point injection: a qualitative systematic review.  [Oct 26 Epub ahead of print] Eur J Pain.  This database study concluded that evidence does not support the use of BTA injections for TrPs.  [Many variables could have influenced this conclusion.  TrP injections must be used wisely.  BTA injections are experimental, should be restricted to those patients who temporarily respond to TrP injections with local anesthetics.  Perpetuating factors must still be brought under control.  The clinician performing the injections must scrupulously practice sound technique, including palpation for TrPs, proper positioning of the patient and slow range of motion stretches as part of the procedure.  Clinicians who give trigger point injections must be trained and experienced.  Looking at photos of possible TrP sites and giving the injections as if they were flu shots is not appropriate and can significantly skew a paper study such as this. DJS]

Ho, M. and J. J. Belch.  1998.  Raynaud’s phenomenon: state of the art in 1998.  Scand JRheumatol 27(5):319-22.  

Hobson, J. A., R. Stickgold and E. F. Pace-Schott.  1998.  The neuropsychology of REM sleep dreaming.  NeuroReport 9(3):R1-R14. 

Hocking G, Cousins MJ. 2003.  Ketamine in chronic pain management: an evidence-based review.  Anesth Analg 97(6):1730-1739.  This review indicates evidence of increase of fibromyalgia pain relief, endurance, and decreased trigger point tenderness [one must assume that tender points are meant] with ketamine therapy, but with a narrow therapeutic window.  Perhaps other NMDA inhibitors such as dextromethorphan might have beneficial effect without the narrow therapeutic window, and/or might be used to enhance opioid treatment.

Hodgson, M. J. and H. M. Kipen.  1999.  Gulf War illnesses: causation and treatment.  J Occup Environ Med 41(6):443-52.

Hoffman DL, Dukes EM. 2007.  The health status burden of people with fibromyalgia: a review of studies that assessed health status with the SF-36 or the SF-12.  Int J Clin Pract. [Nov 24 Epub ahead of print].  “FM groups had similar or significantly lower (poorer) physical and mental health status scores compared to those with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myofascial pain syndrome, primary Sjogren’s syndrome and others.  FM groups scored significantly lower than the pain condition groups mentioned above on domains of bodily pain and vitality.”  “People with FM had an overall health status burden that was greater in magnitude compared to people with other specific pain conditions that are widely accepted as impairing.”  [What does this indicate about those patients with FM AND CMP (and perhaps multiple other conditions)? DJS]

Hojsted, J., A. Alban, K. Hagild and J. Erikson.  1999.  Utilization of health care system by chronic pain patients who applied for disability pensions.  Pain 82(3):275-82.

Holick MF. 2004.  Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis.  Am J Clin Nutr 79(3):362-371. "Vitamin D deficiency is often misdiagnosed as fibromyalgia." 

Hollister, L. E.  2000.  An approach to the medical marijuana controversy.  Drug Alcohol Depend 58(1-2):3-7.

Holman AJ. 2008.  Positional cervical spinal cord compression and fibromyalgia: a novel comorbidity with important diagnostic and treatment implications.  J Pain. [May 20 Epub ahead of print].  Co-existing cervical cord compression may exist with FM.  [Much of this may be due to co-existing myofascial trigger points, and can be treated noninvasively. DJS]  

Holsten, F. and B. Bjorvatn.  1997. [Phototherapy.  An alternative for seasonal affective disordersor sleep disorders.  Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 117(17):2484-2488 [Norwegian].

Holman AJ. 2009.  Impulse control disorder behaviors associated with pramipexole used to treat fibromyalgia.  J Gambl Stud. [Feb 25 Epub ahead of print].  “Objective: Compulsivity has been associated with use of dopamine agonists used to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD).  Increasing use of these agents to treat fibromyalgia (FM) raises concern for this unexpected toxicity in a new group of patients.  This is the first report of compulsive gambling and shopping among patients taking dopamine agonists for treatment of FM.”  “While biologic aspects of PD and FM differ considerably, compulsive gambling and shopping have become important, yet unexpected concern related to use of dopamine agonists for patients with FM and their treating clinicians.”

Holland, N. W. and E. B. Gonzalez.  1998.  Soft tissue problems in older adults.  Clin Geriatr Med 14(3):601-11.  

Holzberg, A. D., M. E. Robinson, M. E. Geisser and H. A. Gremillion.  1996.  The effects of depression and chronic pain on psychosocial and physical functioning.  Clin J Pain 12(2):118-125.  

Homko, C. J. , E. Sivan, E. A. Reece and G. Boden. 1999. Fuel metabolism during pregnancy. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 17(2):119-25.

Hong C. 2004.  Myofascial pain therapy.  J Musculoskeletal Pain 12(3/4):37-43.  “Myofascial pain should be appropriately treated to inactivate TrPs completely and to avoid recurrence permanently.”  This is a good overview of common options in the treatment of TrPs. 

Hong CZ. 2000.  Specific sequential myofascial trigger point therapy in the treatment of a patient with myofascial pain syndrome associated with reflex sympathetic dystrophy: commentary.  Australas Chiropr Osteopathy 9(1):7-11.

Hong CZ. 2002. New trends in myofascial pain syndrome.  Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 65(11):501-512.  This is a good overview of current findings in myofascial medicine.

Hong CZ. 2006.  Treatment of myofascial pain syndrome.  Curr Pain Headache Rep. 10(5):345-349.   “Effective MTrP therapies include manual therapies, physical therapy modalities, dry needling, or MTrP injection.  It is also important to eliminate any perpetuating factors and provide adequate education and home programs to patients so that recurrent or chronic pain can be avoided.”

Hong C-Z. 2002.  New trends in myofascial pain syndrome. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 65(11):501-12.  Review article. “The pathogenesis of [myofascial trigger points] MTrPs appears to be related to the integration in the spinal cord (formation of MTrP circuits) in response to the disturbance of the nerve endings and abnormal contractile mechanism at multiple dysfunctional endplates.”

Hong, C-Z. 1999. Current research on myofascial trigger points-pathophysiological studies. J Musculoskel Pain 7(1-2):121-129.

Hong C-Z and T-C Hsueh. 1996. “The difference in pain relief after trigger point injections in myofascial pain in patients with and without fibromyalgia.” Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77:1161-1166.

Hong, C-Z, and  J. Yu. 1998. Spontaneous electrical activity of rabbit trigger after transection of spinal cord and peripheral nerve. J Musculoskel Pain 6(4):45-58.

Hong, C. Z. and D. G. Simons.  1998.  Pathophysiologic and electrophysiologic mechanisms of myofascial trigger points.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79(7):863-72.

Hong, C. Z., T. S. Kuan, J. T. Chen and S. M. Chen.  1997.  Referred pain elicited by palpitation and by needling of myofascial trigger points: a comparison.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78(9):957-960.

Hong, C. Z.  1996.  Pathophysiology of myofascial trigger point.  J Formos Med Assoc 92(2):93-104.

Hopman-Rock, M., F. W. Kraaimaat, E. Odding and J. W. Bijlsma.  1998.  Coping with pain in the hip or knee in relation to physical disability in community-living elderly people.  Arthritis Care Res 11(4):243-52.

Hopwood, M. B. and S. E. Abram.  1994.  Factors associated with failure of trigger point injections.  Clin J Pain 10:227-234. 

Horne,. J. and L. Reyner. 1999. Vehicle accidents related to sleep: a review. Occup Environ Med 56(5):289-94. 

Horning, M. R.  1997. Chronic opioids: a reassessment.  Alaska Med 39(4):103-110.  

Horowits, R. 1999.  The physiological role of titin in striated muscle.  Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 138:57-96. 

Horven, S., T. C. Stiles, A. Holst and T. Moen. 1992. HLA antigens in primary fibromyalgia syndrome.  J. Rheumatol 19(8):1269-70.

Hoseini SS, Hoseini M, Gharibzadeh S. 2005.  Sprouting phenomenon, a new model for the role of A-beta fibers in wind up.  Med Hypotheses [Dec 12 Epub ahead of print]  “In this study, we have proposed a new model for the role of Abeta fibers in wind up, through sprouting of nerve fibers in the dorsal horn of spinal cord.  We named it “sprouting phenomenon”.  It has been reported that in some clinical hyperalgesic states induced by peripheral injury or inflammation, wind up may aggravate the pain.  Studies have indicated the presence of …fibromyalgia syndrome….  According to sprouting phenomenon, it seems that some clinical interventions can be assessed to alleviate post-inflammatory pains: (1) immediate and complete relief of inflammation by anti-inflammatory agents to prevent repetitive excitation of C-fibers and subsequent morphological changes of dorsal horn laminae; (2) using local anesthetics in order to prevent pain signal transmission; (3) prevention of sprouting by intrathecal injection of some anti-proliferation agents; (4) using NMDA or NK1 receptor antagonists to prevent central mechanism of wind up.”  “Future clinical studies are needed…”

Hou C.R., Chung K.C., Chen J.T. et al. 2002.  Effects of a calcium channel blocker on electrical activity in myofascial Trigger spots in rabbits.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81(5):342-9.  Calcium channel blockers are effective inhibitors of myofascial trigger point spontaneous electrical activity.

Hou C.R., Tsai L.C., Cheng K.F. et al. 2002.  Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(10):1406-14.  “Results suggest that therapeutic combinations such as hot pack plus active ROM and stretch with spray, hot pack plus active ROM and stretch with spray as well as TENS, and hot pack plus active ROM and interferential current as well as myofascial release technique, are most effective for releasing MtrP pain and increasing cervical ROM.”

Houtmeyers, E., R. Gosselink, G. Gayan-Ramirez and M. Decramer.  1999.  Effects of drugs on mucus clearance.  Eur Respir J 14(2):452-67.

Hrebicek J, Janout V, Malincilova J, Horakova D, Cizek L. Detection of insulin resistance by simple quantitative insulin sensitivity check index QUICKI for epidemiological assessment and prevention.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab Jan;87(1):144-7.  

Hsieh YL, Kao MJ, Kuan TS et al. 2007.  Dry needling to a key myofascial trigger point may reduce the irritability of satellite MTrPs.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 86(5):397-403.  “This study supports the concept that activity in a primary MTrP leads to the development of activity in satellite MTrPs and the suggested spinal cord mechanism responsible for this phenomenon.”

Hsieh C.Y., Hong C. Z., Adams A. H., Platt K. J. , Danielson C. D. , Hoehler F. K., and Tobis JS 2000. Interexaminer reliability of the palpation of trigger points in the trunk and lower limb muscles. Arch Phys Med Rehabil  81(3):258-64.

Hsu HC, Hong CZ. 2008.  Floating kidney with chronic myofascial pain syndrome in the abdominal muscles as the major clinical manifestation: a case report.  J Musculoskel Pain. 16(3):199-204.  “Myofascial pain syndrome in the abdominal muscles may be caused by a floating kidney.  Treating an underlying pathological lesion is important when attempting to eliminate TrPs.”  When myofascial trigger point pain recurs after adequate treatment, the perpetuating factor(s) must be found and brought under control.

Hsu J.C., Lee Y.S.., Chang C.N. et al. 2002.  Sleep deprivation affects nitric oxide synthesis and glial reactions in the rat hippocampus. Glia (Suppl 1):S51 [Abstract].

Hsueh, T. C., S. Yu, T. S. Kuan and C. Z. Hong.  1998.  Association of active myofascial trigger points and cervical disc lesions.  J Formos Med Assoc 97(3):174-180.

Hsueh, T-C. , P. T. Cheng, T. S. Kuan and C-Z Hong. 1997. The immediate effectiveness of electrical nerve stimulation and electrical muscle stimulation on myofascial trigger points.  1997. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 76(6):471-476.

Hu, F. B., M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, E. Rimm, G. A. Colditz, F. E. Speizer, C. H. Hennekens and W. C. Willett.  1999.  Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women.  Am J Clin Nutr 70(2):221-7.  

Hubbard, D. R. and G. M. Berkoff.  1993.  Myofascial trigger points show spontaneous needle EMG activity.  Spine 18(13):1803-7.  Sustained spontaneous EMG activity was found in the 1-2 mm nidus of all TrPs, and was absent in non-TrPs.

Hubbell, S. L. and M. Thomas.  1985.  Postpartum cervical myofascial pain syndrome: review of four patients.  Obstet Gynecol 65(3 Suppl):56S-57S.

Hudson J.I., Mangweth B., Pope H.G. et al.  Family study of affective spectrum disorder.  Arch Gen Psychiatry.  This study suggests that some disorders such as ADHD, IBS, migraine, OC, PTSD, fibromyalgia and other conditions may share a genetic predisposition, as these conditions are often found clustered in families.

Hudson, N., M. A. Fitzcharles, M. Cohen, M. R. Starr and J. M. Esdaile.  1998.  The association of soft-tissue rheumatism and hypermobility.  Br J Rheumatol 37(4):382-6.  

Hudson, N., M. R. Starr, J. M. Esdaile and M. A. Fitzcharles. 1995. Diagnostic associations with hypermobility in rheumatology patients. Br J Rheumatol 34(12):1157-1161.

Hudson, T.  2000.  Fibrocystic breasts.  Women’s Health Update.  Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients Jan:142-3.

Hughes G, Martinez C, Myon E et al. 2005.  The impact of a diagnosis of fibromyalgia on health care resource use by primary care patients in the UK: an observational study based on clinical practice.  Arthritis Rheum. 54(1):177-183.  “Being diagnosed as having FM may help patients cope with some symptoms, but the diagnosis has a limited impact on health care resource use in the longer term, possibly because there is little effective treatment.”  [This could also be because insurance companies do not cover nor many health care resources provide effective treatment regiments. DJS]

Huppe A, Brockow T, Raspe H. 2004.  [Chronic widespread pain and tender points in low back pain: a population-based study].  Z Rheumatol 63(1):76-83.  [German]  These researchers did not find fibromyalgia to be a common and significant factor in low back pain. 

Hurtig IM, Raak RI, Kendall SA, Gerdle B, Wahren LK. Quantitative sensory testing in fibromyalgia patients and in healthy subjects: identification of subgroups. Clin J Pain Dec:17(4):316-22,2001.  There are distinct subgroups of FM patients that have different cold pain thresholds. These groups have differences in sleep quality, pain intensity, and number of tender points.

Ignatowski TA, Spengler RN. 2004.  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha quantification and expression by insitu hybridization.  Methods Mol Biol 196:85-96.  Antidepressants may work as pain relievers by inhibiting production of the inflammatory protein tumor necrosis factor in the brain.

Iguchi M., Katoh Y., Koike H. et al. 2002.  Randomized trial of trigger point injection for renal colic.  Int J Urol 9(9):475-479.  “Trigger point injection, in our experience, is an easy, safe and effective method for the amelioration of renal colic."

Ilbuldu E, Cakmak A, Disci R et al. 2004. Comparison of laser, dry needling, and placebo laser treatments in myofascial pain syndrome.  Photomed Laser Surg. 22(4):306-311.  “Laser therapy could be useful as a treatment modality in myofascial pain syndrome because of its noninvasiveness, ease, and short-term application.”

Ilkjaer, S., J. Dirks, J. Brennum, M. Wernberg and J. B. Dahl.  1997.  Effect of systemicN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (dextromethorphan) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans.  Br J Anaesth 79(5):600-605.

Imamura M, Kaziyama HHS, Hsing WT et al. 2007.  Efficacy of a segmental neuromyotherapy approach to improve pain pressure threshold in patients with severe osteoarthritis of the knee.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):25 item 39.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]   “Segmental neuromyotherapy improved PPT immediately and after three months of treatment.” [Sclerodermal hyperalgesia of the supraspinous ligaments in addition to MTPs are often a vital yet unacknowledged and untreated component of osteoarthritic pain.  DJS]

Imamura, S.T., T.Y. Lin, M.J. Yriyrits, S.S. Fischer, R.J. Azze, L. A. Rosgano and R. Mahar. 1997. The importance of myofascial pain syndrome in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Phys Med Rehab Clinics of North Am 8:207-211.

Imbierowicz K., Egle U.T. 2003.  Childhood adversities in patients with fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder.  Eur J Pain 7(2):113-9.  This study in primary FM found that “The FM patients show the highest score of childhood adversities.  In addition to sexual and physical maltreatment, the FM patients more frequently reported a poor emotional relationship with both parents, a lack of physical affection, experiences of the parent’s physical quarrels, as well as alcohol or other problems of addiction in the mother, separation, and a poor financial situation before the age of 7.”

Inanici F, Yunus MB. 2004.  History of fibromyalgia: past to present.  Curr Pain Headache Rep. 8(5):369-378.  ”Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) is now a recognized clinical entity causing chronic and disabling pain.” 

Ingber DE. 2008.  Tensegrity and mechanotransduction.  J Bodywork Move Ther. 12(3):198-200.  This interesting article explains the malleability of the human body, and how external forces such as massage and other intentional bodywork can create ripple effects of movement on a cellular level, creating deep changes in the tissues via the mechanotransduction process.

Ingber, R. S.  1989.  Iliopsoas myofascial dysfunction: a treatable cause of “failed” low back syndrome.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 70(5):382-6.  

Ingebrigtsen, T., B.  Romner, K. Waterloo and J. H. Trumpy. 1996. [Minor head injuries in sport. Occurrence, management, sequelae and prevention.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 116(30):3594-3597. [Norwegian].

Innes, K. E. and J. H. Wimsatt.  1999.  Pregnancy-induced hypertension and insulin resistance: evidence for a connection.  Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78(4):263-84.

Inturrisi, C. E., W. A. Colburn, R. F. Kaiko, R. W. Houde and K. M. Foley.  1987. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone in patients with chronic pain.  Clin Pharmacol Ther 41(4):392-401.

Ionescu-Tirgoviste, C.  1998.  Proposal for a new classification of diabetes mellitus. Rom J Intern Med 36(1-2):121-34. 

Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Oxman MN. 2007.  Augmenting immune responses to varicella zoster virus in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial of tai chi.  J Am Geriatr Soc. 55(4):511-517.  “Tai Chi augments resting levels of VZV-specific CMI and boosts VZV-CMI of the varicella vaccine.”  Regular practice of t’ai chi boosted cell-mediated immunity in immunized patients.

Irwin, M., J. McClintick, C. Costlow, M. Fortner, J. White and J. C. Gillin. 1996. Partial night sleep deprivation reduces natural killer and cellular immune responses in humans.  FASEB J10(5):643-653.

Irwin RS, Madison JM. 2000.  Anatomical diagnostic protocol in evaluating chronic cough with specific reference to gastroesophageal reflux disease.  Am J Med. 108 Suppl 4a:126S-130S.  “Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), along with postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS) and asthma, is one of the three most common causes of chronic cough in all age groups.  When GERD is the cause of chronic cough, there may be no gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms up to 75% of the time, and, in these cases, the term ‘silent GERD’ is used.”

Israel HA, Ward JD. Horrell B, et al. 2003.  Oral and maxillofacial surgery in patients with chronic orofacial pain.  J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61(6):662-7.  “Misdiagnosis and multiple failed treatments were common in these patients with chronic orofacial pain ..... surgical treatment was rarely indicated as a treatment for pain relief ..... and it exacerbated and perpetuated pain symptoms in some of them.”

Itoh, Y, T Igarashi, N Tatsuma, T Imai, J Yoshida, M Tsuchiya, M Murakami and Y Fukunaga. 1999.  [Autoimmune fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome.]  Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi 66(4):239-44.

Ivanichev GA, Kuznetsova EA. 2007.  [Evoked potentials in patients with myofascial pain syndrome in the late residual period of natal cervical trauma.]  Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 107(4):49-53. [Russian]  Specific audio testing indicates that dysfunction in the somatosensory pathway of the brainstem is common in patients with cervical spine birth trauma, “...being most significant in patients with severe myofascial pain syndrome.”

Iwasaka, M., Ueno, S. 2003.  Detection of intracellular macromolecule behavior under strong magnetic fields by linearly polarized light.  Bioelectromagnetics 24(8):564-70.  Strong static magnetic fields caused behavioral changes in cell components that corresponded to changes in polarized light.  The intracellular macromolecular arrangement may be affected by these fields.

Jacobsen, S., I.S. Petersen and B. Danneskiold-Samsoe. 1993.Clinical features in patients with chronic muscle pain-with special reference to fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 22(2):69-76. 

Jacobsen, S. and B. Danneskiold-Samsoe. 1992. Dynamic muscular endurance in primary fibromyalgia compared with chronic myofascial pain syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehab 73(2):170-173.

Jacobsen, S., M. Hoyer-Madsen, B. Danneskiold-Samsoe and A. Wiik. 1990.  Screening for autoantibodies in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome and a matched controlled group. APMIS 98(7):655-8.

Jacobsen, S. 1998.  Physical biodynamics and performance capacities of muscle in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.  Z Rheumatol Suppl 57 (2):43-6.

James G., Butt A.M. 2002.  P2Y and P2X purinoceptor medicated Ca (2+) signaling in glial cell pathology in the central nervous system.  Eur J Pharmacol 447(2-3):247-60.  This research suggests that ATP is a primary glial cell signal molecule in response to central nervous system injury, and that the named receptors are involved with this response.

Jamison, J.  1999.  Stress: the chiropractic patients’ self-perceptions.  J Manipulative Physiol Ther 22(6):395-8.

Jamison, R. N.  1996.  Comprehensive pretreatment and outcome assessment for chronic opioid therapy in nonmalignant pain.  J Pain Symptom Manage 11(4):231-241.  

Jamison, R. N., K. O. Anderson and M. A. Slater.  1995.  Weather changes and pain: perceived influence of local climate on pain complaint in chronic pain patients.  Pain 61(2):309-315.

Jamison, R. N., K. O. Anderson, C. Peeters-Asdourian and F. M. Ferrante.  1994.  Survey of opioid use in chronic nonmalignant pain patients.  Reg Anesth 19(4):225-230. 

Jan, J. E., M. B. Connolly, D. Hamilton, R. D. Freeman and M. Laudon.  1999.  Melatonin treatment of non-epileptic myoclonus in children.  Dev Med Child Neurol 41(4):255-9.

Janal MN, Ciccone DS, Natelson BH. 2006.  Sub-typing CFS patients on the basis of ‘minor’ symptoms.  Biol Psychol.  [Feb 9 Epub ahead of print]  “In 161 women meeting 1994 criteria for CFS, principal components analysis of the ten ‘minor’ symptoms of CFS produced three factors interpreted to indicate musculoskeletal, infectious and neurological subtypes.  Extreme scores on one or more of these factors characterized about 2/3 of the sample.”  “Results suggest that subtypes of CFS may be identified from reports of the minor diagnostic symptoms, and that these subtypes demonstrate construct validity.”

Janig, W., H. Blumberg, R. A. Boas et al. 1991.  The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: consensus statement and general recommendations for diagnosis and clinical research.  In Bond, M. R., J. E. Charleton and C. J. Woolf (eds): Proceedings of the VI ^th World Congress on Pain. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 373-376.

Jankovic D, van Zundert A. 2006.  The frozen shoulder syndrome.  Description of a new technique and five case reports using the subscapular nerve block and subscapularis trigger point infiltration.  Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 57(2):137-143.

Jansson C, Nordenstedt H, Wallander MA et al. 2009.  A population-based study showing an association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and sleep problems.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. [Mar 12 Epub ahead of print].  “A large, population-based study indicates a link between sleep problems and gastroesophageal reflux disease that might be bi-directional.”   [This is a very good example of interactive diagnoses.  Also, both FM and TrPs can be interactive with both sleep problems and GERD.   Working on any one of these conditions may help the others, and each of them may worsen the others. DJS]

Jaracz J, Rybakowski J. 2005.  [Depression and pain: novel clinical, neurobiological and psychopharmacological data]  Psychiatr Pol. 39(5):937-950.  [Polish]  “In the pathogenesis of both depression and pain symptoms, an important role has been attributed to disturbances of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission as well as to neuropeptides such as opioids and substance P.  In mood regulation as well as in the perception and emotional dimension of pain stimuli, such brain structures as the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex are of main significance.  The action of antidepressant drugs results in a normalization of the activity of those neurotransmitter systems an brain structures.  It was found that dual action antidepressants (i.e., influencing both serotonergic and noradrenergic system) such as tricyclic antidepressants and new generation drugs (venlafaxine, milnacipram, duloxetine, mirtazapine) exert a stronger antidepressant effect and possess a broader therapeutic spectrum, including also an effect on pain symptoms.” 

Jarrell J. 2008.  Gynecological pain and the viscero-somatic connection.  J Musculoskel Pain 16(1-2):21-27.  “Myofascial dysfunction is common in the presence of endometriosis and visceral disease.  There is an interesting relationship of the number of reported laparoscopies and the number of areas of myofascial dysfunction.  This may reflect the severity of the visceral disease being treated at laparoscopy but also raises the possibility that laparoscopy may in some way exacerbate the viscero-somatic appreciation of pain physiology.” 

Jarrell JF, Vilos GA, Allaire C et al. 2005.  Consensus guidelines for the management of chronic pelvic pain.  J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 27(8):781-826.  Myofascial pain must be taken into account when looking for possible causes of chronic pelvic pain.

Jarrell J. 2004.  Myofascial dysfunction in the pelvis.  Curr Pain Headache Rep 8:452-456.  Between 25% and 40% of all laparoscopy for pelvic pain finds no cause.  Myofascial pain due to TrPs may be a significant and unrecognized cause of much pelvic pain.   

Jaspers, J. P.  1998.  Whiplash and post-traumatic stress disorder.  Disabil Rehabil 20(11):397-404.

Jaspersen D, Leodolter A. 2005.  [Sleep disorders associated with gastroesophageal reflux.]  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 130(48):2779-2782. [German]  “Individuals with clinical sleep disorders have a greatly impaired quality of life.  The causes for sleeping disorders are complex, but evidence has recently come from different trials supporting a causal relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and sleep disorders in some patients.  The majority of patients with GERD report reflux symptoms during the night.  It is well known that especially at night reflux is characterized by prolonged esophageal acid exposure.  Sleep disorders significantly improve while on efficacious antisecretory treatment.  In patients with sleep disorders but no previously known GERD, the search for it is recommended and should be followed by adequate antisecretory treatment.  In other severe diseases associated with sleep, like the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), an association with esophageal acid exposure has been proven.  The sleep apnea-associated reflux has probably a multifactorial etiology: in cases with other predisposing conditions for gastro-esophageal reflux, OSAS promotes the development of reflux."

Jeal, W. and P. Benfield. 1997.  Transdermal fentanyl.  A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in pain control.  Drugs 53(1):109-138.

Jennum, P., A. M. Drewes, A. Andreasen and K. D. Nielsen. 1993. Sleep and other symptoms in primary fibromyalgia and in healthy controls.  J. Rheumatol 20(10):1756-1759.

Jensen B, Wittrup IH, Wiik A et al. 2004.  Antipolymer antibodies in Danish fibromyalgia patients.  Clin Exp Rheumatol 22(2):227-229.  Although FM patients in this study had slightly higher APA levels than healthy people, the levels declined with age.

Jensen B, Wittrup IH, Bliddal H et al. 2003.  Bone mineral density in fibromyalgia patients – correlation to disease activity. 32(3):146-150.  “...the severity of FM might have a negative impact on bone mass.”

Jensen, K. A., S. K. Christensen, E. M. Nielsen, L. K. Bunemann, K. Therkelsen and F. Knudsen.1997. [Cerebral blood flow and indomethacin.  The effect of different doses administered as continuous intravenous infusions or as suppositories in healthy adults]. Ugeskr Laeger 159(27):4257-4260 [Danish].  

Jevning, R., I. Wells, A. F. Wilson and S. Guich.  1987.  Plasma thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone, and insulin during acute hypometabolic states in man.  Physiol Behav 40(5):603-6.

Jevning, R., A. F. Wilson and J. M. Davidson.  1978.  Adrenocortical activity during meditation. Horm Behav 10(1):54-60.  

Jevning, R., A. F. Wilson and W. R. Smith.  1978.  The transcendental meditation technique, adrenocortical activity, and implications for stress.  Experientia 34(5):618-9.  

Jevning, R., A. F. Wilson, H. Pirkle, J. P. O’Halloran and R. N. Walsh.  1983.  Metabolic control in a state of decreased activation: modulation of red cell metabolism.  Am J Physiol 245(5 Pt 1):C457-61.

Jezova, D., Jurankova E., Mosnarova A., M. Kriska and I Skultetyova. 1996.  Neuroendocrine response during stress with relation to gender differences. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz) 56(3):779-985.

Johansson, G., J. Risberg, U. Rosenhall, G. Orndahl, L. Svennerholm and S. Nystrom. 1995. Cerebral dysfunction in fibromyalgia; evidence from regional cerebral blood flow measurements, otoneurological tests and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 91(2):86-94.

Johansson O, Gangi S, Liang Y, Yoshimura K, Jing C, Liu PY. 2001. Cutaneous mast cells are altered in normal healthy volunteers sitting in from of ordinary TVs/PCsBresults from open-field provocation experiments. J Cutan Pathol Nov;28(10):513-9. Normal cutaneous mast cells can be altered by exposure to television or personal computer screens.  The number of skin mast cells increase in exposed skin in many patients after such an exposure.  After 24 hours, the number of mast cells returns to normal. [This may be significant to FM patients with skin allergy symptoms. DJS]

Joranson, D. E. and A. M. Gilson.  1998.  Regulatory barriers to pain management.  Semin Oncol Nurs 14(2):158-63.

Joranson, D. E.  1994.  Are health-care reimbursement policies a barrier to acute and cancer pain management?  J Pain Symptom Manage 9(4):244-53.  

Joranson, D. E.  1990.  Federal and state regulation of opioids.  J Pain Symptom Manage5(1 Suppl):S12-S23.

Joyce, E., S. Blumentahl and S. Wessely. 1996.  Memory, attention and executive function in chronic fatigue syndrome.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60(5):459-503.

Joyce, P. and C. Clark.  1996.  The use of CranioSacral Therapy to treat gastroesophageal reflux in infants.  Inf Young Children 9(2):51-58. 

Juhl GI, Jensen TS, Norholt SE et al. 2007.  Central sensitization phenomena after third molar surgery: a quantitative sensory testing study.  Eur J Pain. [Jun 4 Epub ahead of print]  “Even a minor orofacial surgical procedure may be sufficient to evoke signs of both central and peripheral sensitization, which may play a role in the transition from acute to chronic pain in susceptible individuals.” 

Jung, A. C., T. Staiger and M. Sullivan.  1997.  The efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the management of chronic pain.  J Gen Intern Med 12(6):384-389. 

Just MA, Keller TA, Cynkar J. 2008.  A decrease in brain activation associated with driving when listening to someone speak.  Brain Res 1205.:70-80.  This study used functional MRI to show that, even in healthy individuals, listening carefully to anyone speaking can be dangerous.  In this study, drivers had to listen carefully as they needed to tell if statements were true or false.  This produced spatial processing associated parietal lobe activation, and resulted in significant deterioration in driving ability, even though the drivers did not have to hold or dial a phone.  [This study has profound ramifications for those of us with FM cognitive dysfunction.  There may be days that you don’t want to drive with that language tape going, days when the talking book may be out of the question or days when even music is too much to handle when driving.  If FM flares or aggravating factors are severe, driving may have to be suspended for a time until perpetuating and aggravating factors are under control.  This must be individualized, and it is important that our traveling companions understand this.  DJS]

Juul-Kristensen B, Lund H, Hanses K et al. 2007.  Poorer elbow proprioception in patients with lateral epicondylitis than in healthy controls: a cross-sectional study.  J Shoulder Elbow Surg. [Nov 22 Epub ahead of print].  “Proprioception seems...to be poorer in elbows with lateral epicondylitis elbows than in the controls’ elbows.  This needs to be taken into consideration in the management of lateral epicondylitis.”  [This could be due to co-existing MTPs. DJS]

Kabongo, M. L. and A. W. Bedell.  1987.  Nail signs of systemic conditions.  AFP 36(4):109-116.

Kahan M, Srivastava A, Wilson L et al. 2006.  Opioids for managing chronic non-malignant pain: safe and effective prescribing.  Can Fam Physician. 52(9):1091-1096.  When pain control with other medications have failed, titration to find the lowest dose opioids that might be effective is the next logical step.  “Most patients with chronic non-malignant pain can be managed with <300 mg/d of morphine (or equivalent).  Opioids are safe and effective for managing chronic pain.”  [Non-medicinal pain relief methods should be part of any pain control program. DJS]   

Kakojic, D., V. Demarin, M. Kadojic, I. Mihaljevic and B. Barac.  1999.  Influence of prolonged stress on risk factors for cerebrovascular disease.  Coll Antropol 23(1):213-9.

Kalichman L. 2009.  Association between fibromyalgia and sexual dysfunction in women.  Clin Rheumatol. [Jan 23 Epub ahead of print].  It would have been valuable to assess these patients for co-existing TrPs, as their role in sexual dysfunction in both women and men has been carefully documented.  DJS]

Kalmer, J. M. and E. Cafarelli1999. Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. A Appl Physiol 87(2):801-808.

Kang Y, Yi Y, Kim J. 2007.  Pain drawings of the phantom pain of the patients with amputation.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):27 item 43.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]  “The patterns of phantom pain were very similar to the referred pain patterns of the MPS.  A new assumption would be possible: that ‘phantom pain in MPS’s clothing’ like ‘sheep in wolf’s clothing’.” [This finding agrees with other research and observation that indicates phantom limb (and breast, uterine and ovarian) pain may be due to MTPs or other tissue TrPs. DJS]

Kankaanpaa, M. S. Taimela, D. Laaksonen, O. Hanninen and O. Airaksinen.  1998.  Back and hip extensor fatigability in chronic low back pain patients and controls.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79(4):412-7.

Kaplan, R. M., S. M. Schmidt and T. A. Cronan.  2000.  Quality of well being in patients with fibromyalgia.  J Rheumatol 27(3):785-9. 

Kapreli E, Vourazanis E, Strimpakos N. 2007.  Neck pain causes respiratory dysfunction.  Med Hypotheses [Oct 22 Epub ahead of print].  “The patient with neck pain presents a number of factors that could constitute a predisposition of leading to a respiratory dysfunction: (a) the decreased strength of deep neck flexors and extensors, (b) the hyperactivity and increased fatigability of superficial neck flexors, (c) the limitation of range of motion, (d) the decrease in proprioception and disturbances in neuromuscular control, (e) the existence of pain and (f) the psychosocial influence of dysfunction.  The possible connection of neck pain and respiratory function could have a great impact on various clinical aspects, notably patient assessment, rehabilitation and pharmacological prescription.”

Kaput J, Rodriguez RL. 2004.  Nutritional genomics: the next frontier in the post genomic era.  Physiol Genomics. 16(2):166-177. “…dietary intervention based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status, and genotype (i.e., ‘individualized nutrition’) can be used to prevent, mitigate, or cure chronic disease.”

Kar, A., B. K. Choudhary and N. G. Bandyopadhyay. 1999. Preliminary studies on the inorganic constituents of some indigenous hypoglycaemic herbs on oral glucose tolerance test. J Ethnopharmacol 64(2):179-84.

Karalis, K. P., E. Kontopoulos, L. J. Muglia and J. A. Majzoub.  1999.  Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency unmask the proinflammatory effect of epinephrine.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(12):7093-7.   

Kashikar-Zuck S, Vaught MH, Goldschneider KR et al. 2002. Depression, coping, and functional disability in juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome.  J Pain 3(5):412-419.  In this study, children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS) and nonmalignant chronic back pain (CBP) were compared.  “...both JPFS and CBP groups reported significant disruption in functional abilities and school attendance as a result of chronic pain....  The JPFS group had suffered from pain for significantly longer than the CBP group before being referred for specialty care...  The JPFS group reported somewhat more school absences.”

Kashima, K., O. I. Rahman, S. Sakoda and R. Shiba.  1999.  Increased pain sensitivity of the upper extremities of TMD patients with myalgia to experimentally-evoked noxious stimulation: possibility of worsened endogenous opioid systems.  Cranio 17(4):241-6.

Kasikcioglu E, Dinler M, Berker E. 2006.  Reduced tolerance of exercise in fibromyalgia may be a consequence of impaired microcirculation initiated by deficient action of nitric oxide.  Med. Hypotheses [Jan 9 Epub ahead of print].

Kassirer,  J. P. 1997. Federal foolishness and marijuana.  N Engl J Med 366(5):336-7.

Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D. G., A. M. da Silva, S. Ricci, C. D. Binnie, G. Rubboli, C. A. Tassinari and J. P. Segers.  1999.  Video-game epilepsy: a European study.  Epilepsia 40 (Suppl 4):70-4.

Katz J, McCartney CJ. 2002.  Current status of pre-emptive analgesia.  Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 15(4):435-441.  “The application of preventive perioperative analgesia (not necessarily preincisional) is associated with a significant reduction in pain beyond the clinical duration of action of the analgesic agent, in particular for the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists.”

Katz J, Cohen L, Schmid R, et al. 2003.  Postoperative morphine use and hyperalgesia are reduced by preoperative but not intraoperative epidural analgesia: implications for preemptive analgesia and the prevention of central sensitization.  Anesthesiology 98(6):144-1460. 

Katz, N. P.  2000.  MorphiDex (MS:DM) double-blind, multiple-dose studies in chronic pain patients.  J Pain Symptom Manage 19(1 Suppl):S37-41.

Katz RS, Heard AR, Mills M et al. 2004.  The prevalence and clinical impact of reported cognitive difficulties (fibrofog) in patients with rheumatic disease with and without fibromyalgia.  J Clin Rheumatol. 10(2):53-58.  “Memory decline and mental confusion were coupled more often in patients with FM (50.9-8.8%).  Patients with FM with this combination of cognitive problems reported more pain (76.0-45.4%), stiffness (79.7-43.7%), fatigue (79.6-52.6%) and disturbed sleep (59.2-36.6%) compared with patients with FM with memory problems alone.  Patients with rheumatic disease substantially differ in cognitive vulnerability, with patients with FM at considerably higher risk for cognitive difficulty.  More importantly, the prevalence of a combined disturbance in memory and mental clarity is high and closely associated with the perception of increased illness severity and diminished mental health in FM.  That this linkage has the possibility of having a great deal to do with an important clinical variant of FM underscores the need for greater clinical recognition of this underrecognized pattern and for further research.” 

Kaufmann, H. 1997. Neurally mediated syncope and syncope due to autonomic failure: differences and similarities.  J Clin Neurophysiol 14(3):183-196.

Kauppila, T., X. J. Xu, W. Yu and Z Wiesenfeld-Hallin.  1998.  Dextromethorphan potentiates the effect of morphine in rats with peripheral neuropathy.  Neuroreport 9(6):1071-1074.

Kavlock, R. J.  1999.  Overview of endocrine disruptor research activity in the United States. Chemosphere 39(8):1227-36.

Kawakita K, Itoh K, Okada K. 2007.  Experimental model of trigger points using eccentric exercise.  J Musculoskel Pain 15 (Supp 13):4 item 4.  [Myopain 2007 Poster]  “The tissue injuries and subsequent inflammation processes produced by the REC play an important role in the development of TrP, and ischemic condition could induce synaptic changes in the spinal cord.  Sensitization of peripheral sensory could induce synaptic changes in the spinal cord.  Sensitization of peripheral sensory receptors presumably polymodal receptors of the fascia and central sensitization might be a possible underlying mechanism of the TrP formation and referred pain phenomena.”

Kawamata, T., K. Omote, M. Kawamata and A. Namiki.  1998.  Premedication with oral dextromethorphan reduces postoperative pain after tonsillectomy.  Anesth Analg 86(3):594-597.

Kay, G.G. and A. G. Harris.  1999.  Loratadine [Note: Claritin]: a non-sedating antihistamine. Review of its effects on cognition, psychomotor performance, mood and sedation.  Clin Exp Allergy 29(S3):147-150.

Kayyali HA, Weimer S, Frederick C et al. 2008.  Remotely attended home monitoring of sleep disorders.  Telemed J E Health 14(4):371-374.  “A new enabling home telehealth technology for real-time sleep disorders monitoring was developed and tested with encouraging preliminary results.  The sample size is too small to derive any clinical conclusions about the sleep quality of FM patients.  However, this study validates the underlying technology and demonstrates the role of new wireless technologies in the future of sleep disorders diagnosis.”  [This is a potentially important development that may allow polysomnography to be available to those who otherwise would not be able to receive it. DJS] 

Keel, P.  1999.  Pain management strategies and team approach.  Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 13(3):493-506.

Keel, P.J., C. Bodoky, U. Gerhard and W. Muller. 1998. Comparison of integrated group therapy and group relaxation training for fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain 14(3):232-8.

Keitel, W. 1999. [Occupational therapy in the diseases of the locomotor system]. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich 93(5):335-40 [German].

Keitel, W. 1999. [ No title available] Fortschr Med 117(5):32-6. [German]

Kelly A, Khan K. 2008.  Prevalence of allergies in children with complex medical problems.  Clin Pediatr. 47(8):809-816.  “The authors report a higher than expected prevalence of allergic and immune abnormalities in children with complex medical problems.”  [We must be attentive to the possibility of co-existing conditions in children with FM or CMP. DJS]

Kelly M, Gagne R, Newman JD et al. 2008.  Assessment of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: a new protocol designed to determine work capability – chronic pain abilities determination (CPAD).  Ir Med J. 101(9):277-278.  [There are some very good aspects of this new protocol, but no protocol will be complete until it takes into account assessment of specific musculoskeletal weakness, dysfunction, proprioception and autonomic concomitants from myofascial TrPs.  When patients have multiple interactive diagnoses including chronic myofascial pain, they must all be taken into account.  DJS]

Kemeny, M. E. and T. L. Gruenewald.  1999.  Psychoneuroimmunology update.  Semin Gastrointest Dis 10(1):20-9.

Kemoun G, Carette P, Watelain E et al. 2008.  Thymocognitive input and postural regulation: a study on obsessive-compulsive disorder patients.  Neurophysiol Clin. 38(2):99-104.  This review covers the recent research on nerve networks that are common to both postural balance and psychological states.  “When interpreting symptoms, these interactions should be taken into account.”  [They should also be taken into account when designing therapies. DJS]

Kempermann G, Neumann H. 2003.  Neuroscience.  Microglia: the enemy within?  Science 302(5651):1689-1690.  Microglia "...may be central players in repairing brain tissue and maintaining its integrity...and also...contribute to the rearrangement of neural connections and hence to the plasticity of normal brain tissue."  [Microglia may be part of the cause and the cure of central sensitization. DJS]

Kendall, SA, Henriksson, KG, Hurtig, I et al. 2003.  Differences in sensory thresholds in the skin of women with fibromyalgia syndrome: a comparison between ketamine responders and ketamine non-responders.  J Muscoloskel Pain 11(2):3-9.  This is another study indicating that subsets of patients with FM have different pain processing dysfunctions. 

Kern, W., E. F. Stange, H. L. Fehm and H. H. Klein.  1999. [No title available].  Z Gastroenterol Suppl 1 (13):36-42 [German]. 

Kerr CE, Shaw JR, Wasserman RH et al. 2008.  Tactile acuity in experienced Tai Chi practitioners: evidence for use dependent plasticity as an effect of sensory-attentional training.  Exp Brain Res. 188(2):317-322.  [Practitioners of t’ai chi had greater spatial acuity than controls.  T’ai chi may be valuable in patients with proprioceptive dysfunction due to myofascial trigger points or FM. DJS]

Kerr, S. J. , P. J. Armati and B. J. Brew.  1995. Neurocytotoxity of quinolinic acid in human brain cultures. J Neurovirol 1(5-6):375-380.

Ketroser DB 2000.  Whiplash, chronic neck pain, and zygapophyseal joint disorders. A selective review. Minn Med  83(2):51-4

Keverne, E. B.  1999.  The Vomeronasal Organ.  Science 286(5440):716-720.

Khalsa PS. 2004. Biomechanics of musculoskeletal pain: dynamics of the neuromatrix.  J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 14(1):109-120.  “Mammals in general, and humans in particular, have evolved a highly sophisticated system of pain perception, which is characterized in humans by complementary but distinct neural processing of the intensity and location of a noxious stimulus, and a motivational/emotional or affective response to the stimulus.  The peripheral and central neurons that comprise this system, which has been called the 'neuromatrix', dynamically (temporally) respond and adapt to noxious biomechanical stimuli.  However, phenotypic variability of the neuromatrix can be large, which can result in a host of musculoskeletal conditions that are characterized by altered pain perception, which can and often does alter the course of the condition.  This neural plasticity has been well recognized in the central nervous system, but it has only more recently become known that peripheral nociceptors also adapt to their altered extracellular matrix environment.  This work reviews the biomechanics of pain focusing on the relevant stimulus that initiates responses by nociceptors to the cognitive perception of pain.”  [It is becoming increasingly evident that each of us is indeed unique, including in response to medications and to just about everything else.  One size does not fit all, and, especially in complex medical conditions, tailoring the medications and therapies to the individual is vital to success. DJS]

Khan MA, Lichtensteiger CA, Faroon O, Mumtaz M, Schaeffer DJ, Hansen LG. The hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis: a target of nonpersistent ortho-substituted PCB congeners.2002. Toxicol Sci Jan;65(1):52-61.

Khasar SG, Burkham J, Dina OA et al. 2008.  Stress induces a switch of intracellular signaling in sensory neurons in a model of generalized pain.  J Neurosci. 28(22):5721:5730.  “Thus, an important mechanism in generalized pain syndromes may be stress-induced coactivation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and sympathoadrenal axes, causing a long-lasting alteration in intracellular signaling pathways, enabling normally innocuous levels of immune mediators to produce chronic hyperalgesia.”  Stress can be an important contributor to the change from acute to chronic illness, and then can maintain that chronicity.

Kharkevich, D. A. and V. V. Churukanov.  1999.  Pharmacological regulation of descending cortical control of the nociceptive processing.  Eur J Pharmacol 375(1-3):121-31.

Kidd, P. M.  1999.  A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction.  Altern Med Rev 4(3);144-61.

Kim, J. Y. L. A. Nolte, P. A. Hansen, D. H. Hanm, K. Kawanaka and J. O. Holloszy. 1999. Insulin resistance of muscle glucose transport in male and female rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Am J Physiol 276(3 Pt 2): R665-R672.

Kim PS. 2002. Role of injection therapy: review of indications for trigger point injections, regional blocks, facet joint injections, and intra-articular injections. Curr Opin Rheumatol Jan;14(1):52-7. Multidiciplinary therapies for many chronic pain patients may often include injection therapies as part of effective pain management.

Kim SH, Kim DH, Oh DH et al. 2008.  Characteristic electron microscopic findings in the skin of patients with fibromyalgia-preliminary study.  Clin Rheumatol. 27(3):407-411.  “The EM findings seen in the skin of FM patients show unusual patterns of unmyelinated nerve fibers as well as associated Schwann cells.”  [This study may implicate a mechanism of hypersensitivity in a variety of tissues in the FM patient.  Larger studies are needed. DJS]

Kim SH. 2007.  Skin biopsy findings: implications for the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia.  Med Hypotheses [Jan 8 Epub ahead of print]  Skin abnormalities in FM patients may be significant.

Kim SH, Jang TJ, Moon IS. 2006.  Increased expression of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunit 2D in the skin of patients with fibromyalgia.  J Rheumatol. 33(4):785-788.  “The increased expression of NMDAR found in FM skin could be indicative of a more generalized increase in other peripheral nerves.  This suggests that NR2D-selective antagonists may have implications in the treatment of allodynia in patients with FM.” 

Kim SH, Won SJ, Mao XO et al. 2005.  Molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid protection from neuronal excitotoxicity.  Mol Pharmacol. [Nov 18 Epub ahead of print].  “Cannabinoids appear to protect neurons against NMDA toxicity at least partly by activation of CB1R and downstream inhibition of PKA signaling and NO generation.”

Kimmelberg H.K., Zhou M. 2002.  Hippocampal astrocytes show heterogeneity of swelling activated anion currents.  Glia (Suppl 1):S55 [Abstract]. 

King, D. E. and B. Bushwick.  1994.  Beliefs and attitudes of hospital inpatients about faith healing and prayer.  J Fam Pract 39(4):349-52.

Kipen, H. M., W. Hallman, H. Kang, N. Fiedler and B. H. Natelson.  1999.  Prevalence of chronic fatigue and chemical sensitivities in Gulf Registry Veterans.  Arch Environ Health 54(5):313-8. 

Kinsley, C. H.., L. Madonia, G. W. Gifford, K. Tureski, G. R. Griffin, C. Lowry, J. Williams, J. Collins, H. McLearie and K. G. Lambert. 1999. Motherhood improves learning and memory. Nature 402(6758):137-8. 

Kiraly, S. J., R. J. Ancill and G. Dimitrova.  1997.  The relationship of endogenous cortisol to psychiatric disorder: a review.  Can J Psychiatry 42(4):415-420.

Kirchgessner ,A. L., and M. Liu. 1999.  Orexin synthesis and response in the gut.  Neuron. 24(4):941-51

Kischka, U. T. Ettlin, S. Heim and G. Schmid. 1991. Cerebral symptoms following whiplash injury. Eur Neurol 31(3):136-140. 

Klein, R., and P. A. Berg. 1995. High incidence of antibodies 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides, and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders. Eur J Med Res 1(1):21-6.

Klein, R. , M. Bansch and P. A. Berg. 1992. Clinical relevance of antibodies against serotonin and gangliosides in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Psychoneuroimmunology 17(6):593-8.

Klekner A, Felszeghy S, Tammi R et al. 2005.  Quantitative determination of hyaluronan content in cerebral aneurysms by digital densitometry.  Zentralbl Neurochir. 66(4):207-212.  “Results suggest that an elevated hyaluronan level in the extracellular matrix may affect the cerebral arterial wall architecture.  It is reasonable to suppose that the increased hyaluronan content creates a viscoelastic ECM which might improve the biomechanical resistance of the thinned vessel wall.”  [This seemingly unrelated piece of research may provide clues to the higher viscosity of the extracellular matrix of a subset of patients with both FM and CMP, especially in relation to the geloid mass.  DJS]

Klingmann PO, Kugler I, Steffke TS et al. 2008.  Sex-specific prenatal programming: a risk for fibromyalgia?  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1148:446-455.

Knardahl, S., M. Elam, B. Olausson and B. G. Wallin.  1998.  Sympathetic nerve activity after acupuncture in humans.   Pain 75(1):19-25.

Knobler, H. A. Schattner, T. Zhornicki, S. D. Malnick, D. Keter, N. Sokolovskaya, Y. Lurie and D. D. Bass. 1999. Fatty liver-and additional and treatable feature of the insulin resistance syndrome. QMJ 9(2):73-9.

Knoll, R, Hoshijima, M, Chien, K. 2003.  Cardiac mechanotransduction and implications for heart disease.  Oct 9 [Epub ahead of print.]  This article concerns mechanotransduction, which includes the translation of mechanoreception to proprioception.  The authors ask some interesting questions concerning conversion of stimuli to electrochemical signaling and cover recent research in cardiac cytoskeleton structure.  Fascia is everywhere, and my heart tells me that the authors should be aware of myofascial medicine and the possible permutations that may be involved.  

Koch, K. L.  1999.  Illusory self-motion and motion sickness: a model for brain-gut interactions and nausea.  Dig Dis Sci 44(8 Suppl):53S-57S.

Koelback Johnson, M., T. Graven Nielsen, A. Schou Olesen and L. Arendt-Nielsen. 1999. Generalized muscular hyperalgesia in chronic whiplash syndrome. Pain 83(2):229-234.

Koenig, H. G., J. C. Hays, D. B. Larson, L. K. George, H. J. Cohen, M. E. McCullough, K. G. Meador and D. G. Blazer.  1999.  Does religious attendance prolong survival?  A six-year follow-up study of 3,968 older adults.  J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 54(7):M370-6.  

Koenig, H. G., L. K. George and B. L. Peterson.  1998.  Religiosity and remission of depression in medically ill older patients.  Am J Psychiatry 155(4):536-542.  

Koenig, H. G., H. J. Cohen, L. K. George, J. C. Hays, D. B. Larson and D. G. Blazer.  1997. Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults.  Int J Psychiatry Med 27(3):233-50.

Koenig M, Cathebras P, Guy C et al. 2005.  [Pentoxiphylline: a cheap substitute for anti-TNFalpha agents?]  Rev Med Interne. [Nov 8 Epub ahead of print] [French]   [This medication may be a useful agent for use in chronic pain states. DJS ]

Kohnen R, Farber L, Spath M. 2004.  The assessment of vegetative and functional symptoms in fibromyalgia patients: the tropisetron experience.  Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. (119):67-71.  Tropisetron, in general, helped sleep dysfunction but worsened gastrointestinal function in these FM patients.

Kohlmann T. 2003.  [Musculoskeletal pain in the population] [German]  Schmerz. 17(6):405-411.  This review indicates that about 16% of the German population has severe musculoskeletal pain.

Kolbinson, D. A. , J. B. Epstein, A. Senthilselvan and J. A. Burgess. 1998. Effect of impact and injury characteristics on post-motor vehicle accident temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod  85(6):665-73.  

Komaroff, A. L. and D. S. Buchwald.  1998.  Chronic fatigue syndrome: an update.  Annu Rev Med 49:1-13.  

Komiyama, O., M. Kawara, M. Arai, T. Asano and K. Kobayashi.  1999.  Posture correction as part of behavioral therapy in treatment of myofascial pain with limited opening.  J Oral Rehabil26(5):428-35.

Koolstra JH, van Eijden TM. 2005.  Combined finite-element and rigid-body analysis of human jaw joint dynamics.  J Biomech 38(12):2431-2439.  The (jaw) joint is subjected to loading which causes tensions and deformations in its cartilaginous structures.  These are assumed to be a major determinant for development, maintenance, and also degeneration of the joint...It was demonstrated that joint loads increase with muscle activation, irrespective of the external loads..”

Koppert W, Weigand M, Neumann F et al. 2004.  Perioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventive effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery.  Anesth Analg 98(4):1050-1055.

Koppert, W., S. Zeck, R. Sittl, R. Likar, R. Knoll and M. Schmelz. 1998. Low-dose lidocaine suppresses experimentally induced hyperalgesia in humans. Anesthesiology 89(6):1345-53. 

Koppert, W., P. W. Reeh and H. O. Handwerker. 1993. Conditioning of history mind by bradykinen alters responses of wrapped nociceptors and human itch sensation. Neurosci Lett 152(1-2):117-20.

Korneyev, A. Y.  1997.  The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in memory-related effects of anxiolytics.  Neurobiol Learn Mem 67(1):1-13.

Kornick CA, Santiago-Palma J, Moryl N et al. 2003.  Benefit-risk assessment of transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of chronic pain.  Drug Saf 26(13):951-973.  “Transdermal fentanyl is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of chronic pain caused by malignancy and non-malignant conditions when administered according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.  Compared with oral opioids, advantages of transdermal fentanyl include a lower incidence and impact of adverse effects (constipation, nausea and vomiting, and daytime drowsiness), higher degree of patient satisfaction, improved quality of life, improved convenience and compliance resulting from administration every 72 hours, and decreased use of rescue medication.”

Kornstein, S. G. 1998. Gender differences in depression: implications for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 58 Suppl 15:12-8.

Korszun, A., L. Sackett-Lundeen, E. Papadopoulos, C. Brucksch, L. Masterson, N. C. Engelberg, E. Haus, M. A. Demitrack and L. Crofford.  1999.  Melatonin levels in women with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.  J Rheumatol 26(12):2675-80.

Kosek, E., J. Ekholm and P. Hansson. 1996.  “Sensory dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients with implications for pathogenic mechanisms.”  Pain 68 (2-3): 375-383.

Kostopoulos D. 2008.  Reduction of spontaneous electrical activity and pain perception of trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle through trigger point compression and passive stretching.  J Musculoskel Pain 16(4):266-278.  “Although each technique significantly reduced pain perception and SEA (spontaneous electrical activity) the combination of Ic (ischemic compression) and PS (passive stretching) was superior, apparently because of the complementary nature of the therapeutic interventions.”

Kotter I, Neuscheler D, Gunaydin I et al. 2007.  Is there a predisposition for the development of autoimmune diseases in patients with fibromyalgia?  Retrospective analysis with long term follow-up.  Rheumatol Int. [Jul 20 Epub ahead of print].  “The risk of CTD (connective tissue disease) is not increased in FM.  The detection of ANA (antinuclear antibodies) does not predict the development of CTD.”

Kovacevic-Ristanovic, R., R. D. Cartwright and S. Lloyd.  1991.  Nonpharmacologic treatment of period leg movements in sleep.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 72(6):385-9.

Kovacs, F. M., V. Abraira, F. Pozo, D. G. Kleinbaum, J. Beltran, I. Mateo, C. Perez de Ayala, A. Pena, A. Zea, M. Gonzalez-Lanza and L. Morillas.  1997.  Local and remote sustained trigger point therapy for exacerbations of chronic low back pain.  A randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicenter trial.  Spine 22(7):786-797.

Krag, N. J. , J. Norregaard, J. K. Larsen, B. Danneskiold-Samsoe. 1994. A blinded, controlled evaluation of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia, as measured by standardized psychometric interview scales. Acta Psychiatr Scand 89(6):370-5. 

Kramis, R. C., W. J. Roberts and R. G. Gillette. 1996. Non-nociceptive aspects of persistent musculoskeletal pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 24(4):255-267.

Kratz AL, Davis MC, Zautra AJ. 2007.  Pain acceptance moderates the relation between pain and negative affect in female osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia patients.  Ann Behav Med. 33(3):291-301.  “These findings suggest that pain patients with greater capacity to accept pain may be emotionally resilient in managing their condition.”

Kraus, H. and A. A. Fischer.  1991.  Diagnosis and treatment of myofascial pain.  Mt Sinai J Med58(3):235-9

Krause, K-H, J. Krause, I. Magyarosy, E. Ernst and D. Pongratz. 1998. Fibromyalgia syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is there a co morbidity and are their consequences for the therapy of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Musculoskel Pain 6(4): 111-116.

Kravitz HM, Esty ML, Karz RS et al. 2006.  Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome using low-intensity neurofeedback with the Flexyx Neurotherapy System: A randomized controlled clinical trial.  J Neurother 10(2/3):41-46.

Kreczy, A., M. Kofler and A. Gschwendtner. 1999.  Underestimated health hazard: proposal for an ergonomic microscope workstation.  Lancet 354:1701-1702.

Kroboth, P. D., F. S. Salek, A. L. Pittenger, T. J. Fabian and R. F. Frye.  1999.  DHEA and DHEA-S: a review.  J Clin Pharmacol 39(4):327-48.

Kroese MD, Schulpen GJ, Bessems MC et al. 2008.  Substitution of specialized rheumatology nurses for rheumatologists in the diagnostic process of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial.  Arthritis Rheum. 59(9):1299-1305.  “Substituting specialized nurses for rheumatologists in the diagnostic process of FM is a trustworthy and successful approach that saves waiting time, provides greater patients satisfaction, and is cost-effective.”

Kruger, L. R., W. J. Van Der Linden and P. E. Cleaton-Jones.  1998.  Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the treatment or myofascial pain dysfunction.  S Afr J Surg 36(1):35-38.  

Kuan LC, Li YT, Chen FM et al. 2006.  Efficacy of treating abdominal wall pain by local injection.  Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 45(3):239-243.  “Local injection for selective abdominal wall pain patients produces significant pain relief.  The diagnosis of abdominal wall pain is an important component in avoiding unnecessary operations in patients with abdominal pain.”

Kuan TS, Hsieh YL, Chen SM et al. 2007.  The myofascial trigger point region: correlation between the degree of irritability and the prevalence of endplate noise.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 86(3):183-189.  “The irritability of an MTrP is highly correlated with the prevalence of EPN in the MTrP region of the upper trapezius muscle.  The assessment of EPN prevalence in an MTrP region may be applied to evaluate the irritability of that MTrP.”

Kuch, K., B. J. Cox and R. J. Evans. 1996. Posttraumatic stress disorder and motor vehicle accidents: a multidisciplinary overview. Can J Psychiatry 41(7):429-434.

Kuch, K., B. Cox, R. J. Evans,  P. C. Watson and C. Bubela. 1993. To what extent do anxiety and depression interact with chronic pain? Can J Psychiatry 38(1):38(1):36-38.

Kudo, Y. 1997. [Ca2+dynamics in glial cells]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 109(3):111-7. 

Kuhajda, M. C., B. E. Thorn and M. R. Klinger.  1998.  The effect of pain on memory for affective words.  Ann Behav Med 20(1):31-5.

Kuiper, G. G., J. G. Lemmen, B. Carlsson, J. C. Corton, S. H. Safe, P. T. van der Saag and B. van der Burg.  1998.  Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta.  Endocrinology 139(10):4252-63.

Kujala, U. M., S. Taimela and T. Viljanen.  1999.  Leisure physical activity and various pain symptoms among adolescents.  Br J Sports Med 33(5):325-8.

Kurosinski P, Gotz J. 2002.  Glial cells under physiologic and pathologic conditions.  Arch Nerol 59(10):1524-8. Glial cell loss may contribute to cognitive deficits such as memory impairment.

Kurtze, N., K. T. Gundersen and S. Svebak.  1999.  Quality of life, functional disability and lifestyle among subgroups of fibromyalgia patients: the significance of anxiety and depression. Br J Med Psychol 72 (Pt 4):471-84.   

Kurtze, N., K. T. Gundersen and S. Svebak.  1998.  The role of anxiety and depression in fatigue and patterns of pain among subgroups of fibromyalgia patients.  Br J Med Psychol 71(Pt 2):185-194.

Kvale A, Skouen JS, Ljunggren, AE. 2003.  Discriminative validity of the global physiotherapy examination-52 in patients with long lasting musculoskeletal pain versus healthy persons.  J Musculoskel Pain 11(3):23-35.  This study separated patients into subgroups, comparing healthy patients, patients with long-standing musculoskeletal pain, men and women.  The physical therapy evaluations were separated into 5 domains: Posture, Respiration, Movement, Muscle and Skin.  They found significant variations, especially in Movement and Muscle groups, and also differences dependent on gender and pain distribution.

Kwan CL, Diamant NE, Pope G et al. 2005.  Abnormal forebrain activity in functional bowel disorder patients with chronic pain.  Neurology 65(8):1268-1277.  Abnormal brain responses in IBS may cause many sensory symptoms including pain, dysfunction and dysfunctional processing of visceromotor stimuli.